{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1595605331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","title":"Returns to Scale in the Life Insurance Industry","display_name":"Returns to Scale in the Life Insurance Industry","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1595605331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","mag":"1595605331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3003299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596855755","display_name":"The Bell Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0361-915X","issn":["0361-915X","2326-3032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Bell Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046858469","display_name":"Randall Geehan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Randall Geehan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046858469"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94829545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"497","last_page":"497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.4336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.4336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.3041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.055799998342990875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-scale","display_name":"returns to scale","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-insurance-industry","display_name":"life insurance industry","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-measurement","display_name":"output measurement","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.6600000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7165080904960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5432994365692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020299011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626608","display_name":"Life insurance","level":2,"score":0.5401995778083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.5281640887260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984333267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43183","display_name":"Insurance industry","level":2,"score":0.47380441427230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3825792968273163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.32834625244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05794331431388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3003299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3003299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596855755","display_name":"The Bell Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0361-915X","issn":["0361-915X","2326-3032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Bell Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:rje:bellje:v:8:y:1977:i:autumn:p:497-514","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0361-915X%28197723%298%3A2%3C497%3ARTSITL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q&origin=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491163596","https://openalex.org/W1978651284","https://openalex.org/W2012231981","https://openalex.org/W2051710447","https://openalex.org/W2158982550","https://openalex.org/W2322171976","https://openalex.org/W2326035081","https://openalex.org/W2334032658","https://openalex.org/W2895270050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327470376","https://openalex.org/W2131218044","https://openalex.org/W2330663376","https://openalex.org/W2326051269","https://openalex.org/W7075615717","https://openalex.org/W2071446601","https://openalex.org/W1531223417","https://openalex.org/W2315205246","https://openalex.org/W1564624435","https://openalex.org/W311371695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"the":[3,8,50,69,73],"long-run":[4],"cost":[5],"curve":[6],"for":[7,42],"Canadian":[9,70],"life":[10,37],"insurance":[11,38],"industry":[12],"is":[13,27,75],"estimated":[14],"with":[15],"an":[16],"output":[17,43],"measure":[18],"consisting":[19],"of":[20,24,32,49,52],"a":[21],"weighted":[22],"sum":[23],"activities.":[25],"It":[26],"shown":[28],"that":[29],"previous":[30],"studies":[31],"returns":[33,53,62],"to":[34,46,54,63,66],"scale":[35,64],"in":[36,68],"used":[39],"biased":[40],"proxies":[41],"which":[44],"led":[45],"exaggerated":[47],"estimates":[48],"degree":[51],"scale.":[55],"Statistically":[56],"significant":[57],"(but":[58],"not":[59,76],"economically":[60],"significant)":[61],"appear":[65],"exist":[67],"industry,":[71],"but":[72],"evidence":[74],"conclusive.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-09T07:26:56.047234","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
