{"id":"https://openalex.org/W159392225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","title":"The Gray Areas of Boundary Crossings and Violations","display_name":"The Gray Areas of Boundary Crossings and Violations","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W159392225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","mag":"159392225","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14735871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61026369","display_name":"American Journal of Psychotherapy","issn_l":"0002-9564","issn":["0002-9564","2575-6559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leonard L. Glass","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21165324","display_name":"Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ds0kz06","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21165324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801148111","display_name":"McLean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kta7d96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonard L. Glass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Attending Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital; Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; member of the Teaching Faculty of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute","Mailing address: 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478.Attending Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital","member of the Teaching Faculty of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Attending Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital; Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; member of the Teaching Faculty of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I21165324","https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mailing address: 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478.Attending Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"member of the Teaching Faculty of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21165324"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I21165324","https://openalex.org/I2801148111"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7337441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"4","first_page":"429","last_page":"444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11295","display_name":"Counseling Practices and Supervision","score":0.8457000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11295","display_name":"Counseling Practices and Supervision","score":0.8457000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10214","display_name":"Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications","score":0.10100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11132","display_name":"Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-violations","display_name":"boundary violations","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-crossing","display_name":"boundary crossing","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapy-ethics","display_name":"psychotherapy ethics","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-boundaries","display_name":"professional boundaries","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-supervision","display_name":"clinical supervision","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapy-training","display_name":"psychotherapy training","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7645803689956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6954013109207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.6266000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5403092503547668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42072975635528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3785374164581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34922513365745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3332224488258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1570332944393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10911515355110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09876939654350281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08658930659294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004995","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Professional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011369","descriptor_name":"Professional-Patient Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012725","descriptor_name":"Sexual Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.4.429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61026369","display_name":"American Journal of Psychotherapy","issn_l":"0002-9564","issn":["0002-9564","2575-6559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14735871","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14735871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of psychotherapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/1004942","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1004942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:253818","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W87451437","https://openalex.org/W2932886347","https://openalex.org/W2125991531","https://openalex.org/W2030123660","https://openalex.org/W2203198757","https://openalex.org/W2111925379","https://openalex.org/W2124243453","https://openalex.org/W1628654790","https://openalex.org/W2167365959","https://openalex.org/W3197932771"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"term":[1],"\"boundary":[2],"violation\"":[3],"has":[4,126],"become":[5],"synonymous":[6],"with":[7],"unethical":[8],"practice":[9],"in":[10],"psychotherapy,":[11],"prompting":[12],"a":[13,115],"\"black-or-white\"":[14],"view":[15,121],"among":[16],"clinicians":[17,31],"and":[18,42,62,80,88,102,119,130],"boards":[19],"of":[20,78,85,94,107,122,135,139],"review.":[21],"But":[22],"the":[23,57,75,83,104,132,137],"current":[24],"conceptual":[25],"ambiguity":[26],"about":[27],"boundary":[28,60,63,86,89,123,140],"interventions":[29],"subjects":[30],"to":[32,45,55,73,81,97,113],"after-the-fact":[33],"second-guessing":[34],"that":[35],"can":[36],"be":[37,66],"professionally":[38],"ruinous":[39],"at":[40,50],"worst":[41],"may":[43],"contribute":[44],"stultifying":[46],"defensive":[47],"therapeutic":[48],"rigidity":[49],"best.":[51],"It":[52],"is":[53],"crucial":[54],"demarcate":[56],"differences":[58],"between":[59],"violations":[61,87],"crossings":[64,124],"(to":[65],"defined":[67],"below)":[68],"as":[69,71],"clearly":[70],"possible,":[72],"describe":[74],"\"gray":[76],"areas\"":[77],"each,":[79],"recognize":[82],"heterogeneity":[84],"crossings.":[90],"These":[91],"matters":[92],"are":[93],"additional":[95],"importance":[96],"those":[98],"who":[99],"teach,":[100],"train,":[101],"supervise":[103],"next":[105],"generation":[106],"clinicians.":[108],"This":[109],"paper":[110],"will":[111],"attempt":[112],"delineate":[114],"more":[116],"clinically":[117],"realistic":[118],"useful":[120],"than":[125],"been":[127],"proposed":[128],"before,":[129],"illustrate":[131],"practical":[133],"advantages":[134],"recognizing":[136],"spectrum":[138],"interventions.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
