{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1593676576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","title":"African-American Resistance to Colonization","display_name":"African-American Resistance to Colonization","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1593676576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","mag":"1593676576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193479002100206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038288274","display_name":"Ella Forbes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184746854","display_name":"Lincoln University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ps1r162","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184746854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["NZ","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ella Forbes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ella Forbes is a Special Collections Librarian at Lincoln University and a doctoral student in the Department of African-American Studies at Temple University","Lincoln University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ella Forbes is a Special Collections Librarian at Lincoln University and a doctoral student in the Department of African-American Studies at Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184746854","https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184746854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038288274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184746854","https://openalex.org/I84392919"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14852362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"210","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonization-of-africa","display_name":"African colonization","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolitionism","display_name":"abolitionism","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afrocentrism","display_name":"Afrocentrism","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historiography-of-slavery","display_name":"historiography of slavery","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-diaspora","display_name":"African diaspora","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29598333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50675","display_name":"Historiography","level":2,"score":0.7932077646255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6940866708755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.5959824323654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991960288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"African descent","level":2,"score":0.5646588206291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.5125374794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5028833746910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.470103919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108905452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149813","display_name":"History of Africa","level":2,"score":0.4633501172065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4426308572292328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4409499764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76449154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162881","display_name":"African-American history","level":2,"score":0.4397381842136383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2500942","display_name":"Middle Passage","level":2,"score":0.42156484723091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.41215670108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.32729509472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30355536937713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.2600109279155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193479002100206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479002100206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W279920516","https://openalex.org/W1529780553","https://openalex.org/W2051938965","https://openalex.org/W2084022501","https://openalex.org/W2328461495","https://openalex.org/W2423088388","https://openalex.org/W2587796548","https://openalex.org/W2796371075","https://openalex.org/W3160669656","https://openalex.org/W4302834295","https://openalex.org/W4399948533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523494880","https://openalex.org/W4415453963","https://openalex.org/W2783580851","https://openalex.org/W7093347756","https://openalex.org/W7067000789","https://openalex.org/W2082708382","https://openalex.org/W213947251","https://openalex.org/W2142300882","https://openalex.org/W4256065006","https://openalex.org/W2541979622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"most":[1,188],"historical":[2],"treatments":[3],"of":[4,10,22,47,63,111,121,149,165,171,184,189],"issues":[5],"concerning":[6],"Africans,":[7,82],"the":[8,33,45,48,58,86,109,112,115,119,150,169,182,190,206,224,237,254,257,260,263],"role":[9,53],"Blacks":[11],"is":[12,35,39,134,153,194,199,218,239,252],"diminished":[13],"or":[14,180],"obscured":[15],"by":[16,68,157,196],"European":[17,74],"scholars.":[18],"Most":[19],"often,":[20],"people":[21],"African":[23,106,113,166],"descent":[24],"are":[25,161],"relegated":[26],"to":[27,60,72,81,88,117,139,168,174,178,201,208,223],"a":[28],"peripheral":[29],"status,":[30],"even":[31],"when":[32],"history":[34,107,191,217],"their":[36,90,97,131,144,242],"own.":[37],"Nowhere":[38],"this":[40],"more":[41],"apparent":[42],"than":[43],"in":[44,57,130,241],"historiography":[46],"antislavery":[49],"movement.":[50],"The":[51,76,147,159],"valorous":[52],"that":[54,240,256],"Africans":[55,126],"played":[56],"resistance":[59,167],"any":[61],"form":[62],"enslavement":[64],"has":[65],"been":[66],"co-opted":[67],"those":[69,93,101],"who":[70,94,102,127,229],"wish":[71],"salve":[73],"consciences.":[75],"struggle":[77],"belonged,":[78],"after":[79],"all,":[80],"and":[83,124,142,173,193,204,227,233],"they":[84,244],"accepted":[85],"obligation":[87],"wrest":[89],"freedom":[91],"from":[92,96,108],"benefited":[95],"subjugation.":[98],"Afrocentric":[99],"scholars":[100,138],"insist":[103],"upon":[104],"interpreting":[105],"perspective":[110],"have":[114],"duty":[116],"correct":[118],"misconception":[120],"passive,":[122],"docile,":[123],"accommodating":[125],"willingly":[128],"aided":[129],"enslavement.":[132],"It":[133],"necessary":[135,200],"for":[136],"such":[137,210],"reclaim,":[140],"restore,":[141],"recount":[143],"own":[145],"history.":[146,158,211],"image":[148],"docile":[151],"Black":[152,185],"not":[154],"borne":[155],"out":[156],"chronicles":[160],"replete":[162],"with":[163,220],"instances":[164],"institution":[170],"slavery":[172,232],"discriminatory":[175],"practices":[176],"designed":[177],"limit":[179],"nullify":[181],"rights":[183],"people.":[186],"Since":[187],"was":[192],"written":[195],"Whites,":[197],"it":[198],"read":[202],"footnotes":[203],"between":[205],"lines":[207],"cull":[209],"As":[212],"Blackett":[213],"(1986)":[214],"says,":[215],"Afro-American":[216],"strewn":[219],"veiled":[221],"references":[222],"many":[225],"men":[226],"women":[228],"fought":[230],"against":[231],"discrimination":[234],".":[235],"..":[236],"implication":[238],"time":[243],"influenced":[245],"few":[246],"events":[247],"(p.":[248],"1).":[249],"Consequently,":[250],"one":[251],"given":[253],"impression":[255],"abolitionist":[258],"movement,":[259],"underground":[261],"railroad,":[262],"colonization":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T05:00:35.095934","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}