{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1592830573","doi":null,"title":"\"A License To Deceive: Enforcing Contractual Myths Despite Consumer Psychological Realities\"","display_name":"\"A License To Deceive: Enforcing Contractual Myths Despite Consumer Psychological Realities\"","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1592830573","mag":"1592830573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1592830573","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1340166_code625503.pdf?abstractid=1340166&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1340166_code625503.pdf?abstractid=1340166&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088983271","display_name":"Debra Pogrund Stark","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83978394","display_name":"John Marshall Law School","ror":"https://ror.org/059bgk218","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238","https://openalex.org/I83978394"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debra Pogrund Stark","raw_affiliation_strings":["The John Marshall Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The John Marshall Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83978394"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075196444","display_name":"Jessica M. Choplin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-8690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-8690"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica M. Choplin","raw_affiliation_strings":["DePaul University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-8690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DePaul University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12374","display_name":"European and International Contract Law","score":0.46700000762939453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12374","display_name":"European and International Contract Law","score":0.46700000762939453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.2797999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.20069999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-fraud","display_name":"consumer fraud","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-form-contracts","display_name":"standard form contracts","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-bias","display_name":"cognitive biases","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmation-bias","display_name":"confirmation bias","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/availability-heuristic","display_name":"availability heuristic","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-assumptions","display_name":"default assumptions","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunk-cost-effect","display_name":"sunk cost effect","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-norms","display_name":"social norms","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-psychology","display_name":"consumer psychology","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-drafting","display_name":"contract drafting","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-protection-law","display_name":"consumer protection law","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.7177045345306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6130678057670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.5838057398796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989499966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664183","display_name":"Consumer protection","level":2,"score":0.5273056030273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5011179447174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4937666356563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157171","display_name":"Renting","level":2,"score":0.4609757959842682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.4214753210544586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4197829067707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.416454553604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3715140223503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24017417430877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19807612895965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1592830573","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1340166_code625503.pdf?abstractid=1340166&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1592830573","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1340166_code625503.pdf?abstractid=1340166&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7018105411","https://openalex.org/W801428263","https://openalex.org/W2252603518","https://openalex.org/W7061216385","https://openalex.org/W4206205891","https://openalex.org/W2269847620","https://openalex.org/W7051170941","https://openalex.org/W2770319148","https://openalex.org/W3195852786","https://openalex.org/W1481694079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Are":[0],"consumers":[1,26,176,203,253,341,435,465],"foolish":[2],"or":[3,47,119,481,603,624],"negligent":[4],"when":[5,50,372,452,461,531],"they":[6,23,38,54,58,206,217,275,347,453,492,500,519],"trust":[7,177,352,368],"what":[8,178,256],"salespersons":[9,179],"falsely":[10],"tell":[11,180],"them":[12,181,260],"rather":[13,182],"than":[14,183],"read":[15,184,209,265,344,386,536],"all":[16,185,210,268,426],"of":[17,20,79,101,140,144,157,168,186,193,201,211,214,224,269,272,335,360,376,410,415,427,430,485,497,539,545,555,611,636,652],"the":[18,21,35,51,80,99,115,155,169,187,202,212,215,220,247,249,257,270,273,291,319,336,345,354,373,408,411,428,431,475,479,486,495,498,506,521,525,529,532,537,540,553,561,615,620,640,650],"terms":[19,213,271,409,429,496,538],"contracts":[22,163,216,274,297,346,387,433,460,499],"sign?":[24],"Should":[25],"be":[27,503],"barred":[28],"from":[29,110],"bringing":[30,597],"a":[31,87,102,108,358,364,377,392,400,443,448,549,592,595,598,604],"fraud":[32,71,146,159,601,606,638,659],"action":[33,90,602,607],"on":[34,198],"ground":[36],"that":[37,57,98,197,205,434,439,491,494,513,578,619],"have":[39,59,67,95,614],"not":[40,60,384,535,586],"reasonably":[41],"relied":[42],"upon":[43,154,255,290,304,470,580],"such":[44,282,471],"false":[45,117,622],"statements":[46,472,508,526],"deceptive":[48,120,625],"conduct":[49,626],"form":[52,296,432],"contract":[53,188],"sign":[55,276,348,501],"states":[56,642],"so":[61],"relied?":[62],"Currently":[63],"seven":[64],"states'":[65,81],"courts":[66,82,94,440],"interpreted":[68],"their":[69],"consumer":[70,109,145,225,374,533,596,609,637,653,658],"statutes":[72],"to":[73,113,127,208,230,263,279,313,343,357,367,385,396,406,422,450,477,589,594,617,649],"require":[74],"reasonable":[562],"reliance,":[76],"and":[77,165,171,241,261,266,286,325,391,398,418,424,446,509,552,643,657],"three-quarters":[78],"impose":[83],"this":[84,141,575],"requirement":[85,564],"for":[86,91],"common":[88,599],"law":[89,151,600],"fraud.":[92],"Some":[93],"also":[96,332],"ruled":[97],"presence":[100],"no":[455],"reliance":[456,563],"type":[105,457,558],"clause":[106],"bars":[107],"being":[111],"able":[112],"raise":[114],"alleged":[116],"statement":[118,623],"conduct.":[121],"The":[122,148,330],"attached":[123],"article,":[124,248],"A":[125],"License":[126],"Deceive:":[128],"Enforcing":[129],"Contractual":[130],"Myths":[131],"Despite":[132],"Consumer":[133],"Psychological":[134],"Realities,":[135],"provides":[136,644],"an":[137,166,517,633],"interdisciplinary":[138],"analysis":[139,167],"important":[142,634,646],"aspect":[143,635],"law.":[147],"article":[149,331,576,630],"proposes":[150],"reforms":[152],"based":[153,289,303,579],"results":[156],"our":[158,191,581],"simulation":[160],"study,":[161],"reading":[162,423],"survey,":[164],"cognitive":[170,280,417],"social":[172,337,382,394,419],"psychological":[173,338,420],"reasons":[174,251,339],"why":[175,252,340],"terms.":[189],"In":[190,413],"survey":[192],"consumers,":[194],"we":[195,437,488],"found":[196],"average":[199],"67%":[200],"reported":[204,490,512],"failed":[207],"signed":[218],"among":[219,639],"six":[221],"different":[222],"categories":[223],"transactions":[226,571],"surveyed":[227,489],"(agreements":[228],"relating":[229],"computer":[231],"software,":[232],"rolling":[233],"contracts,":[234],"car":[235],"rentals,":[236],"apartment":[237],"leases,":[238],"home":[239,242],"purchase":[240,478],"loans).":[243],"As":[244],"detailed":[245],"in":[246,293,353,388,459,462,467,473,570,655,660],"primary":[250],"rely":[254,469],"salesperson":[258],"tells":[259],"fail":[262,342],"carefully":[264],"understand":[267],"are":[277,298,441],"due":[278,356],"barriers":[281,421],"as:":[283],"(i)":[284,350],"visual":[285],"comprehension":[287],"challenges":[288],"manner":[292],"which":[294,362,369],"many":[295,464],"drafted,":[299],"(ii)":[300,381],"analytic":[301],"deficiencies":[302],"schema":[305],"deficits,":[306],"(iii)":[307,399],"positive":[308],"confirmation":[309],"biases,":[310],"(iv)":[311],"inability":[312,405],"imagine":[314],"possible":[315],"negative":[316],"outcomes":[317],"(i.e.":[318],"availability":[320],"heuristic),":[321],"(v)":[322,326],"default":[323],"assumptions,":[324],"sunk":[327],"cost":[328],"effects.":[329],"explores":[333],"some":[334],"including:":[349],"misplaced":[351],"defrauders":[355],"variety":[359],"factors":[361],"creates":[363],"strong":[365],"motivation":[366],"is":[370,375,516,548,565,585],"exacerbated":[371],"lower":[378],"socio-economic":[379],"status,":[380],"norms":[383],"certain":[389,568],"contexts":[390],"concomitant":[393],"value":[395],"trust,":[397],"perceived":[401],"(and":[402],"often":[403],"real)":[404],"negotiate":[407],"contract.":[412],"light":[414],"these":[416],"understanding":[425],"sign,":[436],"contend":[438],"enforcing":[442],"contractual":[444,546],"myth":[445],"creating":[447],"license":[449],"deceive":[451],"enforce":[454],"clauses":[458,559],"fact":[463,468],"do":[466],"making":[474],"decision":[476],"product":[480],"service.":[482],"Ninety":[483],"percent":[484,511],"public":[487],"expect":[493],"will":[502],"consistent":[504],"with":[505],"salesperson's":[507],"eighty":[510],"if":[514],"there":[515],"inconsistency":[518],"think":[520],"company":[522],"should":[523],"honor":[524],"made":[527],"by":[528],"salespeople":[530],"has":[534],"agreement.":[541],"While":[542],"promoting":[543],"certainty":[544],"obligations":[547],"legitimate":[550],"goal,":[551],"enforceability":[554],"through":[560],"sensible":[566],"under":[567],"conditions":[569],"between":[572],"sophisticated":[573],"companies,":[574],"contends":[577],"empirical":[582],"data":[583,647],"it":[584,591],"sound":[587],"policy":[588],"make":[590],"bar":[593],"statutory":[605],"(the":[608],"would":[610],"course":[612],"still":[613],"burden":[616],"prove":[618],"parol":[621],"took":[627],"place).":[628],"This":[629],"comprehensively":[631],"addresses":[632],"fifty":[641],"very":[645],"relative":[648],"issue":[651],"protection":[654],"general":[656],"particular.":[661]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
