{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1592368964","doi":null,"title":"Access to Medicines : Common problems, common solutions?","display_name":"Access to Medicines : Common problems, common solutions?","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1592368964","mag":"1592368964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308520","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308520","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017243705","display_name":"Peter N Stephens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-1438"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Stephens","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017243705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medicines","display_name":"access to medicines","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-research-and-development","display_name":"pharmaceutical R&D","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-costs","display_name":"research and development costs","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-equity","display_name":"health care equity","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-and-gender-differences","display_name":"age and gender differences","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-pocket-costs","display_name":"out-of-pocket costs","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-prescribing","display_name":"drug prescribing","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-subsidies","display_name":"drug subsidies","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-funding","display_name":"donor funding","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-competitive-research","display_name":"pre-competitive research","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6097186803817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.46489161252975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.44568008184432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42311835289001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3984549045562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3268846869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3262450397014618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25704503059387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.11799275875091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308520","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308520","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:1592368964","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/308520/stephens.pdf?sequence=1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/308520","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/308520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487285715","https://openalex.org/W1514007035","https://openalex.org/W1893838136","https://openalex.org/W1965502411","https://openalex.org/W1980413896","https://openalex.org/W1980846872","https://openalex.org/W1985876870","https://openalex.org/W1994453280","https://openalex.org/W1999741257","https://openalex.org/W2008255082","https://openalex.org/W2011161038","https://openalex.org/W2022864154","https://openalex.org/W2035896839","https://openalex.org/W2042390620","https://openalex.org/W2046088696","https://openalex.org/W2063265701","https://openalex.org/W2076280334","https://openalex.org/W2107889770","https://openalex.org/W2113576593","https://openalex.org/W2122501553","https://openalex.org/W2127305651","https://openalex.org/W2128826799","https://openalex.org/W2141061714","https://openalex.org/W2143145645","https://openalex.org/W2326478892","https://openalex.org/W2332030798","https://openalex.org/W2497523156","https://openalex.org/W2590919366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1865617248","https://openalex.org/W4320162077","https://openalex.org/W2181251636","https://openalex.org/W2588682986","https://openalex.org/W2888155507","https://openalex.org/W3048098040","https://openalex.org/W7095983205","https://openalex.org/W6906580944","https://openalex.org/W2117510059","https://openalex.org/W2469417525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,370],"thesis":[1],"investigates":[2],"four":[3],"cross-cutting":[4],"controversies":[5],"in":[6,138,142,177,193,207,211,227,261,284,288,329],"access":[7],"to":[8,59,201,237,272,296,333,467],"medicines":[9,153],"\u2013":[10],"aspects":[11],"of":[12,26,42,64,77,97,102,108,133,136,151,165,175,186,214,224,256,259,267,269,383,412,421,430,439,457,472,475,484],"pharmaceutical":[13,27,65],"R&D,":[14],"equity,":[15],"generics":[16,240],"policy":[17,290,310,392,444],"and":[18,29,88,104,114,124,154,158,222,229,243,247,318,351,361,376,391,398,425,446,498],"scale":[19],"up.":[20],"Chapter":[21,92,217,304,386],"2":[22],"describes":[23,219],"the":[24,40,61,68,74,95,100,131,134,149,163,173,178,191,220,235,248,257,265,276,323,345,389,409,417,422,426,431,437,473,482],"state":[25],"research":[28,459],"development":[30,291],"(R&D).":[31],"It":[32,50,233,320,342,394,407],"finds":[33,118,321],"that":[34,53,73,119,166,264,322,396,449,469,490],"failure":[35],"rates":[36],"remain":[37],"high":[38,144],"with":[39,180,183,205,301,309,312],"probability":[41],"market":[43,356],"entry":[44],"for":[45,83,353,442],"vaccines":[46],"being":[47],"just":[48],"1.8%.":[49],"is":[51,189,377],"observed":[52],"whilst":[54],"it":[55,70,314,435,480],"may":[56,79,331,365,401,452,463],"be":[57,273,316,366,402,464],"difficult":[58],"predict":[60],"future":[62],"productivity":[63],"R&D":[66,78],"from":[67,99,347],"past,":[69],"remains":[71],"true":[72],"escalating":[75],"costs":[76],"make":[80],"investments":[81],"unaffordable":[82],"many":[84],"diseases":[85,110],"affecting":[86],"low":[87,115,228,242],"middle":[89,113,230,244],"income":[90,116,145,231,245],"countries.":[91,232],"3":[93,109],"addresses":[94],"question":[96],"equity":[98],"perspective":[101],"age":[103,123,399],"gender.":[105],"An":[106],"analysis":[107,132,255],"across":[111],"15":[112],"countries":[117],"gender":[120,397],"differences":[121],"are":[122,168,294],"condition":[125],"specific.":[126],"Such":[127],"complexity":[128],"also":[129,343],"characterises":[130],"use":[135,150,174,382],"antifungals":[137],"life":[139],"limiting":[140],"illness":[141],"a":[143,184,203,285,354,455,495],"country.":[146],"Associations":[147],"between":[148,251,336],"such":[152,450,485],"age,":[155],"gender,":[156],"deprivation":[157],"ethnicity":[159],"were":[160],"found":[161],"but":[162,195,311],"directions":[164],"association":[167],"not":[169,308],"consistent.":[170],"In":[171,358,433,477],"contrast,":[172],"antipsychotics":[176],"people":[179],"dementia,":[181],"associated":[182],"series":[185],"adverse":[187],"events,":[188],"on":[190,415],"decline":[192],"England":[194,330],"an":[196,380],"antipsychotic":[197],"was":[198,340],"nevertheless":[199],"used":[200],"treat":[202],"person":[204],"dementia":[206],"more":[208,403,465],"than":[209,339,405],"one":[210],"eight":[212],"episodes":[213],"hospital":[215],"care.":[216],"4":[218],"success":[221],"drivers":[223,258],"pro-generics":[225],"policies":[226],"reveals":[234],"extent":[236,266],"which":[238],"branded":[239],"dominate":[241],"markets,":[246],"marked":[249],"variations":[250],"regions.":[252],"A":[253],"deeper":[254],"prescribing":[260,280],"Brazil":[262],"suggests":[263],"out":[268],"pocket":[270],"payments":[271],"made":[274],"by":[275],"patient":[277],"affected":[278],"doctors\u2019":[279],"choices,":[281],"perhaps":[282],"heralding":[283],"new":[286],"phase":[287],"generic":[289],"where":[292],"patients":[293],"encouraged":[295],"raise":[297],"concerns":[298,306],"over":[299],"price":[300],"their":[302],"doctor.":[303],"5":[305],"itself":[307],"how":[313],"should":[315],"financed":[317],"implemented.":[319],"ring":[324],"fenced":[325],"Cancer":[326],"Drug":[327],"Fund":[328],"lead":[332],"greater":[334],"inequalities":[335],"disease":[337],"groups":[338],"envisaged.":[341],"echoes":[344],"calls":[346],"social":[348],"marketing":[349],"organisations":[350,414],"donors":[352],"total":[355],"approach.":[357],"Cote":[359],"d\u2019Ivoire":[360],"Senegal":[362],"subsidised":[363],"product":[364],"replacing":[367],"unsubsidised":[368],"product.":[369],"constrains":[371],"further":[372],"private":[373,423],"sector":[374,424],"investment":[375],"seen":[378],"as":[379,461,488],"inefficient":[381],"donor":[384,413],"funds.":[385],"6":[387],"highlights":[388],"methodological":[390],"implications.":[393],"observes":[395],"discrimination":[400],"complex":[404],"assumed.":[406],"notes":[408],"growing":[410],"focus":[411],"utilising":[416],"skills":[418],"and/or":[419],"capacity":[420],"potential":[427,483],"wider":[428],"role":[429,497],"patient.":[432],"particular":[434,496],"emphasises":[436],"importance":[438],"contextual":[440],"information":[441,451],"both":[443,494],"evaluation":[445],"implementation,":[447],"suggesting":[448],"fall":[453],"into":[454],"category":[456],"pre-competitive":[458],"and,":[460],"such,":[462],"open":[466,486],"initiatives":[468],"take":[470],"advantage":[471],"\u201cwisdom":[474],"crowds\u201d.":[476],"this":[478],"light":[479],"discusses":[481],"platforms":[487],"Citizendium":[489],"give":[491],"expert":[492],"authors":[493],"recognition.":[499]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}