{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1591821068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","title":"A Meta-Analysis of \u03b2-Convergence: the Legendary 2%","display_name":"A Meta-Analysis of \u03b2-Convergence: the Legendary 2%","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1591821068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","mag":"1591821068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124549413","display_name":"Journal of Economic Surveys","issn_l":"0950-0804","issn":["0950-0804","1467-6419"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86529","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042491175","display_name":"Maria Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-3935","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-3935"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198488067","display_name":"Tinbergen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/054xxtt73","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit,\u2028Tinbergen Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit,\u2028Tinbergen Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053329554","display_name":"H.L.F. de Groot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-5321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-5321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198488067","display_name":"Tinbergen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/054xxtt73","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henri L. F. de Groot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit,\u2028Tinbergen Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit,\u2028Tinbergen Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026987997","display_name":"Raymond J.G.M. Florax","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-5953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-5953"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond J. G. M. Florax","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5019,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":319,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96618357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"389","last_page":"420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-convergence","display_name":"beta convergence","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence-rate","display_name":"convergence rate","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-sectional-heterogeneity","display_name":"cross-sectional heterogeneity","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity","display_name":"endogeneity","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-bias","display_name":"publication bias","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-development","display_name":"financial development","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-development","display_name":"fiscal development","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income","display_name":"per capita income","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.7662591338157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.734595000743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6615994572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6425315141677856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124936440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822263","display_name":"Meta-regression","level":3,"score":0.5721420049667358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5578871369361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5094776749610901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4733312726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6571938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274486","display_name":"Omitted-variable bias","level":2,"score":0.4384308457374573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35713934898376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24161607027053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.17346206307411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1505560278892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11107578873634338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124549413","display_name":"Journal of Economic Surveys","issn_l":"0950-0804","issn":["0950-0804","1467-6419"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:dgr:uvatin:20050001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.tinbergen.nl/05001.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.tinbergen.nl/05001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:tin:wpaper:20050001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.tinbergen.nl/05001.pdf","pdf_url":"https://papers.tinbergen.nl/05001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/86529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86529","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.ubvu.vu.nl:1871/9687","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1871/9687","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1871/9687","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400546","display_name":"Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"05-001/3","raw_type":"External research report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/e50d9403-bd71-4936-99f2-83c766b9787d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/e50d9403-bd71-4936-99f2-83c766b9787d","pdf_url":"https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2909275/2percent%20Meta.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Abreu, M A, de Groot, H L F & Florax, R J G M 2005, 'A Meta-Analysis of Beta-Convergence: the legendary two percent', Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 389-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00253.x","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2785941550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:tin:wpaper:20050001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.ubvu.vu.nl:1871/21730","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1871/21730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400546","display_name":"Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"19","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/8bca027a-4f53-4f1c-bc38-eb113523f698","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/8bca027a-4f53-4f1c-bc38-eb113523f698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/report"},{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/e50d9403-bd71-4936-99f2-83c766b9787d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/e50d9403-bd71-4936-99f2-83c766b9787d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(3), 389 - 420. Wiley-Blackwell","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2182810705","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/9687/05001.pdf?sequence=1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/86529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86529","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311746","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312710","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1591821068.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1591821068.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129529398","https://openalex.org/W145731907","https://openalex.org/W179963684","https://openalex.org/W334938495","https://openalex.org/W621409944","https://openalex.org/W1485846889","https://openalex.org/W1505611968","https://openalex.org/W1514882014","https://openalex.org/W1520811918","https://openalex.org/W1529364541","https://openalex.org/W1534309228","https://openalex.org/W1537114430","https://openalex.org/W1541288691","https://openalex.org/W1552456713","https://openalex.org/W1560183808","https://openalex.org/W1588313728","https://openalex.org/W1600936475","https://openalex.org/W1606377008","https://openalex.org/W1855045113","https://openalex.org/W1964424465","https://openalex.org/W1964435302","https://openalex.org/W1968403192","https://openalex.org/W1968452906","https://openalex.org/W1969679372","https://openalex.org/W1970608783","https://openalex.org/W1971941534","https://openalex.org/W1975603656","https://openalex.org/W1976818144","https://openalex.org/W1978781965","https://openalex.org/W1979897859","https://openalex.org/W1985289044","https://openalex.org/W1993841510","https://openalex.org/W1994872231","https://openalex.org/W1994936900","https://openalex.org/W1999649023","https://openalex.org/W1999942871","https://openalex.org/W2001492258","https://openalex.org/W2002172712","https://openalex.org/W2005383813","https://openalex.org/W2009813561","https://openalex.org/W2010786951","https://openalex.org/W2011494208","https://openalex.org/W2014335114","https://openalex.org/W2015646194","https://openalex.org/W2028854990","https://openalex.org/W2033585778","https://openalex.org/W2037430963","https://openalex.org/W2038517135","https://openalex.org/W2041002850","https://openalex.org/W2042742279","https://openalex.org/W2043565183","https://openalex.org/W2047835835","https://openalex.org/W2049661871","https://openalex.org/W2050700076","https://openalex.org/W2054428400","https://openalex.org/W2055891847","https://openalex.org/W2056768399","https://openalex.org/W2063713172","https://openalex.org/W2065315028","https://openalex.org/W2066823663","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2071930669","https://openalex.org/W2073722417","https://openalex.org/W2077421021","https://openalex.org/W2078924997","https://openalex.org/W2083073243","https://openalex.org/W2087875612","https://openalex.org/W2091195111","https://openalex.org/W2092416594","https://openalex.org/W2093437090","https://openalex.org/W2095501468","https://openalex.org/W2098589686","https://openalex.org/W2109034685","https://openalex.org/W2110479826","https://openalex.org/W2110787269","https://openalex.org/W2114245520","https://openalex.org/W2123435168","https://openalex.org/W2124758339","https://openalex.org/W2128930369","https://openalex.org/W2135758624","https://openalex.org/W2138932173","https://openalex.org/W2140518952","https://openalex.org/W2146267578","https://openalex.org/W2148628852","https://openalex.org/W2150910069","https://openalex.org/W2154332065","https://openalex.org/W2157347940","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2158001159","https://openalex.org/W2159126936","https://openalex.org/W2159224312","https://openalex.org/W2161973646","https://openalex.org/W2164141257","https://openalex.org/W2166229694","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2170105205","https://openalex.org/W2170521505","https://openalex.org/W2332191135","https://openalex.org/W2413555678","https://openalex.org/W2578339351","https://openalex.org/W2778063173","https://openalex.org/W2797157534","https://openalex.org/W2797884775","https://openalex.org/W2890181583","https://openalex.org/W2891271205","https://openalex.org/W2910573377","https://openalex.org/W2994055020","https://openalex.org/W3121972069","https://openalex.org/W3122783524","https://openalex.org/W3123507369","https://openalex.org/W3123790819","https://openalex.org/W3124550292","https://openalex.org/W3124636723","https://openalex.org/W3124715156","https://openalex.org/W3125052097","https://openalex.org/W3125456899","https://openalex.org/W3125601827","https://openalex.org/W3149723793","https://openalex.org/W4231721874","https://openalex.org/W4388062608","https://openalex.org/W6639037266","https://openalex.org/W6683601847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125134909","https://openalex.org/W2785941550","https://openalex.org/W2182810705","https://openalex.org/W2169608346","https://openalex.org/W3123790819","https://openalex.org/W77648813","https://openalex.org/W2063713172","https://openalex.org/W2036249134","https://openalex.org/W1481217440","https://openalex.org/W2238388427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"The":[1,117],"topic":[2],"of":[3,9,20,34,42,44,53,64,82,93,109,126,133,160,163,172,186,194,208,230],"convergence":[4,21,43,65,85,129],"is":[5,66,77,122,213],"at":[6],"the":[7,14,58,62,80,83,147,161,173,181,206,228,231],"heart":[8],"a":[10,40,51,67,106,127,177,209],"wide-ranging":[11],"debate":[12],"in":[13,24,31,57,114,153,197],"growth":[15,111,135],"literature,":[16],"and":[17,30,87,95,141,183,188],"empirical":[18,28,110],"studies":[19,112,217],"differ":[22],"widely":[23],"their":[25,32],"theoretical":[26],"backgrounds,":[27],"specifications,":[29],"treatment":[33],"cross-sectional":[35],"heterogeneity.":[36],"Despite":[37],"these":[38],"differences,":[39],"rate":[41,63,86,130,162],"about":[45],"2%":[46,84],"has":[47,176,223],"been":[48],"found":[49],"under":[50],"variety":[52],"different":[54,134,139,219],"conditions,":[55],"resulting":[56,149],"widespread":[59],"belief":[60],"that":[61,120,144,168,184,204],"natural":[68,128],"constant.":[69],"We":[70,165,202],"use":[71],"meta-analysis":[72],"to":[73,79,88,124,157],"investigate":[74],"whether":[75],"there":[76],"substance":[78],"\u2018myth\u2019":[81],"assess":[89],"several":[90],"unresolved":[91],"issues":[92],"interpretation":[94],"estimation.":[96],"Our":[97],"data":[98],"set":[99],"contains":[100],"approximately":[101],"600":[102],"estimates":[103,132,159,182],"taken":[104],"from":[105,138,150],"random":[107],"sample":[108],"published":[113,212],"peer-reviewed":[115],"journals.":[116],"results":[118],"indicate":[119],"it":[121],"misleading":[123],"speak":[125],"since":[131],"regressions":[136],"come":[137],"populations,":[140],"we":[142],"find":[143,167],"correcting":[145,169],"for":[146,170,216],"bias":[148,222],"unobserved":[151],"heterogeneity":[152],"technology":[154],"levels":[155],"leads":[156],"higher":[158],"convergence.":[164],"also":[166],"endogeneity":[171],"explanatory":[174],"variables":[175],"substantial":[178],"effect":[179,226],"on":[180,227],"measures":[185],"financial":[187],"fiscal":[189],"development":[190],"are":[191],"important":[192],"determinants":[193],"long-run":[195],"differences":[196],"per":[198],"capita":[199],"income":[200],"levels.":[201],"show":[203],"although":[205],"odds":[207],"study":[210],"being":[211],"not":[214],"uniform":[215],"with":[218],"p-values,":[220],"publication":[221],"no":[224],"significant":[225],"conclusions":[229],"analysis.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}