{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1591795280","doi":null,"title":"Online political participation in the 2008 U.S. presidential election: Mobilizing or reinforcing?","display_name":"Online political participation in the 2008 U.S. presidential election: Mobilizing or reinforcing?","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1591795280","mag":"1591795280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/32490","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/32490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Dissertation/Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034935135","display_name":"Kenneth M. Winneg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-3570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-3570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth M. Winneg","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N#               * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-3570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#               * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034935135"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-political-participation","display_name":"online political participation","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-us-presidential-election","display_name":"2008 presidential election","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-media","display_name":"new media","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communication-technologies","display_name":"information and communication technologies","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-contact","display_name":"campaign contact","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-turnout","display_name":"voter turnout","score":0.47699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6111242771148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5958867073059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.5956552028656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5742028951644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.563813328742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5569496154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776129789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858439","display_name":"Presidential election","level":3,"score":0.4780976474285126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156708679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242412","display_name":"Mobilization","level":2,"score":0.43622562289237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.42095381021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32957524061203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14461004734039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/32490","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/32490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Dissertation/Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:dissertations-9232","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3405422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations available from ProQuest","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:edissertations-1073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1591795280","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=edissertations","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306478302","display_name":"ProQuest LLC eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ProQuest LLC eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127362131","https://openalex.org/W142345412","https://openalex.org/W199238147","https://openalex.org/W577253879","https://openalex.org/W658622298","https://openalex.org/W1516304126","https://openalex.org/W1518335884","https://openalex.org/W1528784858","https://openalex.org/W1594794537","https://openalex.org/W1790374703","https://openalex.org/W1800561057","https://openalex.org/W1894718218","https://openalex.org/W1967676842","https://openalex.org/W1973498938","https://openalex.org/W1976876938","https://openalex.org/W1976993885","https://openalex.org/W1977037734","https://openalex.org/W1977825494","https://openalex.org/W1986895906","https://openalex.org/W1987338541","https://openalex.org/W1994491768","https://openalex.org/W1995497154","https://openalex.org/W1999774168","https://openalex.org/W1999918147","https://openalex.org/W2005490257","https://openalex.org/W2021521943","https://openalex.org/W2031340404","https://openalex.org/W2033827250","https://openalex.org/W2038294690","https://openalex.org/W2044453219","https://openalex.org/W2054826977","https://openalex.org/W2062711094","https://openalex.org/W2064730034","https://openalex.org/W2068979690","https://openalex.org/W2074433772","https://openalex.org/W2090969900","https://openalex.org/W2098641598","https://openalex.org/W2099762866","https://openalex.org/W2109790075","https://openalex.org/W2125202429","https://openalex.org/W2145496416","https://openalex.org/W2145876590","https://openalex.org/W2147264455","https://openalex.org/W2151544484","https://openalex.org/W2155269984","https://openalex.org/W2159715821","https://openalex.org/W2160626594","https://openalex.org/W2162549927","https://openalex.org/W2170253076","https://openalex.org/W2170413076","https://openalex.org/W2319749062","https://openalex.org/W2329648039","https://openalex.org/W2484092606","https://openalex.org/W4254128747","https://openalex.org/W4388079888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095394787","https://openalex.org/W2184122752","https://openalex.org/W2503147795","https://openalex.org/W2346024484","https://openalex.org/W2525933183","https://openalex.org/W1967676842","https://openalex.org/W2286422009","https://openalex.org/W2168334751","https://openalex.org/W7096325831","https://openalex.org/W2074268616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Participation":[0],"is":[1,14,243,339,355],"at":[2],"the":[3,35,42,59,72,80,97,108,125,151,156,162,166,182,188,195,198,223,244,257,265,270,282,288,325,329],"core":[4],"of":[5,28,146,150,197,234,256,299,306,312],"democratic":[6],"society.":[7],"However,":[8,264],"studies":[9],"have":[10,32],"shown":[11],"that":[12,90,333],"participation":[13,45,349,361],"biased":[15],"toward":[16],"those":[17,56,85],"who":[18,57,86],"are":[19,87,230],"better":[20],"educated,":[21],"more":[22,143,340],"affluent,":[23],"and":[24,52,110,119,127,139,158,168,220,228,259,290,301,308],"in":[25,44,89,137,160,175,215,281,303,336,348],"greater":[26,152,173],"possession":[27],"civic":[29,64],"skills.":[30,65],"Scholars":[31],"pointed":[33],"to":[34,49,55,79,164,181,194,225,253,342,346],"Internet":[36,73,109,126,157,199,334],"as":[37,112],"a":[38,113,134,304,310,356],"possible":[39],"remedy":[40],"for":[41,46,115,247,359],"disparity":[43],"its":[47],"potential":[48],"lower":[50],"barriers":[51],"increase":[53],"access":[54],"lack":[58],"time,":[60],"money,":[61],"and/or":[62],"necessary":[63],"Research":[66],"has":[67],"been":[68],"mixed":[69],"about":[70],"whether":[71,209],"mobilizes":[74],"new":[75],"or":[76,93,211,279],"marginalized":[77],"participants":[78],"electoral":[81],"process,":[82],"simply":[83],"reinforces":[84],"active":[88],"process":[91],"already,":[92],"does":[94],"both.":[95],"In":[96],"2008":[98,238],"U.S.":[99],"presidential":[100,105],"election":[101,292],"campaign,":[102],"all":[103],"major":[104],"candidates":[106],"utilized":[107],"email":[111],"tool":[114],"mobilizing,":[116],"recruiting,":[117],"communicating":[118],"raising":[120],"money.":[121],"New":[122],"media,":[123],"especially":[124],"other":[128],"Information":[129],"Communication":[130],"Technologies":[131],"(ICTs),":[132],"played":[133,154],"significant":[135],"role":[136,153],"extending":[138],"perhaps":[140],"even":[141],"supplanting":[142],"traditional":[144],"methods":[145],"political":[147,201],"participation.":[148],"Because":[149],"by":[155,185,207,272],"ICTs":[159],"2008,":[161],"ability":[163],"test":[165],"mobilization":[167,191,210,227,258,300],"reinforcement":[169,189,212,229,260,302],"hypotheses":[170,261],"was":[171,284],"much":[172],"than":[174],"previous":[176],"elections.":[177],"My":[178],"research":[179],"adds":[180],"general":[183,291],"debate":[184],"1)":[186],"testing":[187,208],"versus":[190,217],"theories":[192,206],"related":[193],"impact":[196],"on":[200,232],"participation;":[202,219],"2)":[203],"refining":[204],"these":[205],"occurs":[213],"differently":[214],"online":[216,352],"offline":[218],"3)":[221],"exploring":[222],"extent":[224],"which":[226,319],"contingent":[231],"activities":[233],"individual":[235],"campaigns.":[236,293],"The":[237],"National":[239],"Annenberg":[240],"Election":[241],"Survey":[242],"data":[245],"source":[246],"this":[248,295],"research.\\nThis":[249],"dissertation":[250],"provides":[251],"evidence":[252,298],"support":[254],"each":[255],"I":[262],"proposed.":[263],"mobilized":[266,285],"groups":[267,345],"varied":[268],"across":[269],"campaign":[271,353],"activity.":[273],"No":[274],"single":[275],"group":[276],"either":[277],"advantaged":[278],"disadvantaged":[280],"past,":[283],"consistently":[286],"throughout":[287],"primaries":[289],"While":[294],"study":[296],"offers":[297],"number":[305,311],"instances":[307,338],"among":[309],"demographic":[313],"groups,":[314],"it":[315],"raises":[316],"additional":[317],"questions":[318],"cannot":[320],"be":[321],"easily":[322],"resolved":[323],"with":[324],"available":[326],"data.":[327],"Nevertheless,":[328],"results":[330],"do":[331],"illustrate":[332],"usage":[335],"certain":[337,344],"likely":[341],"motivate":[343],"engage":[347],"activities.":[350,362],"Further,":[351],"contact":[354],"strong":[357],"predictor":[358],"most":[360]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}