{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1591191981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","title":"School District Leave Policies, Teacher Absenteeism, and Student Achievement","display_name":"School District Leave Policies, Teacher Absenteeism, and Student Achievement","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1591191981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","mag":"1591191981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/145717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62957338","display_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","issn_l":"0022-166X","issn":["0022-166X","1548-8004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315918","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315918","https://openalex.org/P4310315897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Wisconsin Press","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008503776","display_name":"Ronald G. Ehrenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098983","display_name":"New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations","ror":"https://ror.org/00zg6dt46","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4210098983"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald G. Ehrenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute of Labor Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","ILR-Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ILR-Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4210098983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074584107","display_name":"Randy Ann Ehrenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy A. Ehrenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Colonie Central Schools"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Colonie Central Schools","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024205940","display_name":"Daniel I. Rees","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9166-6013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9166-6013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel I. Rees","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","University of Colorado Denver"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Denver","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009833292","display_name":"Eric L. Ehrenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric L. Ehrenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89050984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"72","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-absenteeism","display_name":"teacher absenteeism","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sick-leave","display_name":"sick leave","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-retirement-incentives","display_name":"early retirement incentives","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-test-scores","display_name":"student test scores","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-attendance","display_name":"school attendance","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unintended-consequences-of-policy","display_name":"unintended consequences of policy","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-retirement","display_name":"teacher retirement","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27400517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332278","display_name":"Absenteeism","level":2,"score":0.8715521693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986206625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185","display_name":"Student achievement","level":3,"score":0.6646332144737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398141","display_name":"School district","level":2,"score":0.5938724279403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.5260182023048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4708808362483978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4596310555934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.43193188309669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27687782049179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17792701721191406}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/145717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/145717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62957338","display_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","issn_l":"0022-166X","issn":["0022-166X","1548-8004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315918","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315918","https://openalex.org/P4310315897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Wisconsin Press","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Human Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7567999958992004,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4248993931","display_name":"Empirical Studies of the Incentive Effects of Compensation  Structures","funder_award_id":"8719592","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562353914","https://openalex.org/W1587620389","https://openalex.org/W1964062743","https://openalex.org/W1971807841","https://openalex.org/W1975297525","https://openalex.org/W2023627305","https://openalex.org/W2026405484","https://openalex.org/W2033387768","https://openalex.org/W2047042170","https://openalex.org/W2049312003","https://openalex.org/W2069344692","https://openalex.org/W2079750465","https://openalex.org/W2090296418","https://openalex.org/W2124673670","https://openalex.org/W2993073921","https://openalex.org/W4293090868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587620389","https://openalex.org/W25463606","https://openalex.org/W2036948489","https://openalex.org/W7097955821","https://openalex.org/W2023955090","https://openalex.org/W2590360913","https://openalex.org/W1909055005","https://openalex.org/W7098215381","https://openalex.org/W757045240","https://openalex.org/W2109762757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"an":[1,74,109,125,134],"effort":[2,129],"to":[3,12,17,58,95],"reduce":[4],"salary":[5],"costs,":[6],"many":[7],"school":[8,97,148],"districts":[9,23,149],"have":[10,24],"begun":[11],"offer":[13],"teachers":[14,36,89],"financial":[15],"incentives":[16],"retire":[18],"early.Of":[19],"Sn,":[20],"however,":[21],"these":[22,114,117],"limits":[25],"on":[26,124],"the":[27,81,131,145],"number":[28],"of":[29,113,137,157],"cumulated":[30],"unused":[31],"sick":[32,69],"leave":[33,70],"days":[34],"that":[35,55,83],"may":[37,66,104],"receive":[38],"cash":[39],"payments,":[40],"credits":[41,48],"toward":[42],"future":[43],"health":[44],"insurance,":[45],"or":[46],"retirement":[47,63],"for,":[49],"at":[50],"retirement.Thus,":[51],"one":[52],"might":[53],"expect":[54],"in":[56,139,150,154],"addition":[57],"stimulating":[59],"early":[60,62],"retirement,":[61],"incentive":[64,76],"programs":[65],"interact":[67],"with":[68],"provisions":[71],"and":[72,92,141,156],"provide":[73],"unintended":[75,110],"for":[77],"increased":[78],"teacher":[79,140],"absenteeism.To":[80],"extent":[82],"less":[84],"learning":[85],"occurs":[86],"when":[87],"regular":[88],"are":[90],"absent":[91],"student":[93,101,142,162],"motivation":[94],"attend":[96],"is":[98,122],"also":[99],"reduced,":[100],"academic":[102],"performance":[103],"suffer.This":[105],"surely":[106],"would":[107],"be":[108],"side":[111],"effect":[112],"policies.To":[115],"address":[116],"issues,":[118],"this":[119],"paper,":[120],"which":[121],"based":[123],"extensive":[126],"data":[127],"collection":[128],"by":[130],"authors,":[132],"presents":[133],"econometric":[135],"analyses":[136],"variations":[138,160],"absenteeism":[143],"across":[144],"over":[146],"700":[147],"New":[151],"York":[152],"State":[153],"1986-87":[155],"how":[158],"such":[159],"influence":[161],"test":[163],"score":[164],"performance.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
