{"id":"https://openalex.org/W158953136","doi":null,"title":"Analyzing Two Assumptions Underlying the Scoring of Classroom Assessments.","display_name":"Analyzing Two Assumptions Underlying the Scoring of Classroom Assessments.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W158953136","mag":"158953136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:158953136","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED447169.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068352006","display_name":"Robert J. Marzano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Marzano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068352006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classroom-assessment","display_name":"classroom assessment","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/average-scores","display_name":"average scores","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/summary-scores","display_name":"summary scores","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback","display_name":"feedback","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment-reliability","display_name":"assessment reliability","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/score-combination","display_name":"score combination","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-models","display_name":"learning models","score":0.367000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.7206785678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.6409909725189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.5205731987953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48787999153137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4591308534145355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.45410287380218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188231857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585724","display_name":"Educational assessment","level":2,"score":0.445904403924942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3571159541606903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.33889883756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:158953136","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED447169.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99284237","https://openalex.org/W1481243043","https://openalex.org/W1492518088","https://openalex.org/W1564747309","https://openalex.org/W1771616203","https://openalex.org/W1889619166","https://openalex.org/W1964052265","https://openalex.org/W1964162884","https://openalex.org/W1971075415","https://openalex.org/W1977533300","https://openalex.org/W1977750339","https://openalex.org/W1985118029","https://openalex.org/W1986021671","https://openalex.org/W2003225992","https://openalex.org/W2010767970","https://openalex.org/W2014902083","https://openalex.org/W2017890522","https://openalex.org/W2033423179","https://openalex.org/W2036885482","https://openalex.org/W2050169835","https://openalex.org/W2052774469","https://openalex.org/W2057720927","https://openalex.org/W2061221060","https://openalex.org/W2106340360","https://openalex.org/W2125133415","https://openalex.org/W2134490121","https://openalex.org/W2171054741","https://openalex.org/W2786157445","https://openalex.org/W2807934556","https://openalex.org/W2905010601","https://openalex.org/W2916270242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808262940","https://openalex.org/W4237149645","https://openalex.org/W7036618182","https://openalex.org/W1601303863","https://openalex.org/W31383461","https://openalex.org/W6999270631","https://openalex.org/W2735304330","https://openalex.org/W629699710","https://openalex.org/W1588983325","https://openalex.org/W7097522544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"little":[3],"discussion":[4],"of":[5,14,28,41,67,113,180,187],"two":[6],"conventions":[7,53,69,78],"common":[8,132],"within":[9],"classroom":[10,71,81,105,128],"assessment:":[11],"the":[12,26,30,49,65,111,147,162,174,178,203,210],"convention":[13,27],"representing":[15],"student's":[16,36],"performance":[17,37],"on":[18,140,183],"an":[19],"assessment":[20,72],"using":[21,29],"a":[22,35,39,73,126,131,154,166],"single":[23],"score;":[24],"and":[25,85,91,160,194],"average":[31],"score":[32,176],"to":[33,46,62,121],"summarize":[34],"over":[38],"set":[40,179],"assessments.":[42],"This":[43],"paper":[44,59,97],"attempts":[45,61],"demonstrate":[47,63],"that":[48,64,79,156,205],"assumptions":[50],"underlying":[51],"these":[52,68],"are":[54,89,202],"questionable":[55],"at":[56],"best.":[57],"The":[58],"also":[60],"use":[66],"renders":[70],"poor":[74],"feedback":[75,87],"device.":[76],"Alternative":[77],"make":[80],"assessments":[82,106],"more":[83],"accurate":[84],"useful":[86],"mechanisms":[88],"presented":[90],"discussed.":[92],"Suggestions":[93],"made":[94,208],"in":[95,101,125,153,177],"this":[96],"can":[98,206],"be":[99,108,119,135,151,170,207],"summarized":[100],"brief":[102],"statements:":[103],"(1)":[104],"should":[107,118,134,150,169],"given":[109,127,167],"throughout":[110],"cycle":[112],"learning;":[114],"(2)":[115],"separate":[116],"scores":[117,145,164,181],"assigned":[120],"each":[122],"trait":[123,168],"addressed":[124],"assessment;":[129],"(3)":[130],"scale":[133],"used":[136],"for":[137,146,165],"all":[138,141],"traits":[139,149],"assessments;":[142],"(4)":[143],"summary":[144,163],"various":[148],"combined":[152],"way":[155],"acknowledges":[157],"their":[158],"dependence;":[159],"(5)":[161],"estimated":[171],"by":[172,200],"predicting":[173],"final":[175],"based":[182],"some":[184],"mathematical":[185],"model":[186],"learning.":[188],"(Contains":[189],"5":[190],"tables,":[191],"4":[192],"exhibits,":[193],"37":[195],"references.)":[196],"(SLD)":[197],"Reproductions":[198],"supplied":[199],"EDRS":[201],"best":[204],"from":[209],"original":[211],"document.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}