{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1587555459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","title":"Cost Savings from Electronic Payments and ATMs in Europe","display_name":"Cost Savings from Electronic Payments and ATMs in Europe","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1587555459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","mag":"1587555459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230366","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2574-0997","issn":["2574-0997","2574-1004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316502","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316502"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030718161","display_name":"David Burras Humphrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-6648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-6648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57502794","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/02gsb6172","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Humphrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","University of Gothenburg","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084716988","display_name":"Magnus Willesson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-0305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-0305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57502794","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/02gsb6172","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Willesson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","University of Gothenburg","Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047420109","display_name":"G\u00f6ran Bergendahl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57502794","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/02gsb6172","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goran Bergendahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Gothenburg","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023201047","display_name":"Ted Lindblom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57502794","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/02gsb6172","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted Lindblom","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Gothenburg","University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57502794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University and Visiting Fellow, Payment Cards Center,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnus Willesson University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1574","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ted Lindblom University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13346","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Financial Services","score":0.82669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13346","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Financial Services","score":0.82669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.13750000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14183","display_name":"Banking Sector Performance and Management","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-payments","display_name":"digital payments","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atm","display_name":"ATM","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-operating-costs","display_name":"bank operating expenses","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-branch-offices","display_name":"bank branch offices","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-function","display_name":"cost function","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-banks","display_name":"European banks","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.7659893035888672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5319068431854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3295421600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1991751790046692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230366","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2574-0997","issn":["2574-0997","2574-1004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316502","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316502"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.572481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572481","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fip:fedpwp:03-16","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/working-papers/2003/wp03-16.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/working-papers/2003/wp03-16.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.569.7233","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.569.7233","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/epconf_humphrey.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3125652223","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fip:fedpwp:03-16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.21799/frbp.wp.2003.16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230366","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2574-0997","issn":["2574-0997","2574-1004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316502","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316502"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323113","display_name":"Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria","ror":"https://ror.org/0537dnd74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1587555459.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1587555459.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129305155","https://openalex.org/W1995415255","https://openalex.org/W1996072348","https://openalex.org/W2003841653","https://openalex.org/W2041670752","https://openalex.org/W2087235873","https://openalex.org/W2111652331","https://openalex.org/W2156853080","https://openalex.org/W2162385258","https://openalex.org/W4300538550"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100404198","https://openalex.org/W2304889948","https://openalex.org/W3117788236","https://openalex.org/W2153814004","https://openalex.org/W2156853080","https://openalex.org/W2284765907","https://openalex.org/W2800169239","https://openalex.org/W7135647051","https://openalex.org/W6926413827","https://openalex.org/W269406851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"payments":[1,28],"are":[2,10,21,56,77],"considerably":[3],"cheaper":[4],"than":[5,20,63],"their":[6],"paperbased":[7],"alternatives.Similarly,":[8],"ATMs":[9,43],"a":[11],"more":[12],"cost-efficient":[13],"way":[14],"to":[15,38,58,79],"deliver":[16],"certain":[17],"depositor":[18],"services":[19],"branch":[22,49],"offices.As":[23],"the":[24,46,72,80],"share":[25],"of":[26,48,71,82],"electronic":[27],"in":[29,36,40],"12":[30,73],"European":[31],"countries":[32],"rose":[33],"from":[34],"0.43":[35],"1987":[37],"0.79":[39],"1999":[41],"and":[42],"expanded":[44],"while":[45],"number":[47],"offices":[50],"was":[51],"constant,":[52],"bank":[53],"operating":[54],"costs":[55],"estimated":[57],"be":[59],"$32":[60],"billion":[61],"lower":[62],"they":[64],"otherwise":[65],"might":[66],"have":[67],"been,":[68],"saving":[69],"0.38%":[70],"nations'":[74],"GDP.Our":[75],"results":[76],"robust":[78],"form":[81],"cost":[83],"function":[84],"estimated-composite,":[85],"Fourier,":[86],"or":[87],"translog.(":[88],"93":[89],"words)":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}