{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1586935866","doi":null,"title":"Emergence and evolution of learning gaps across countries: Linked panel evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam \u2217","display_name":"Emergence and evolution of learning gaps across countries: Linked panel evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam \u2217","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1586935866","mag":"1586935866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oxf:wpaper:wps/2014-28","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13802/csae-wps-2014-28.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13802/csae-wps-2014-28.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038696349","display_name":"Abhijeet Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7205-0811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7205-0811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhijeet Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7205-0811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038696349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.8906000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.8906000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.04050000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11300","display_name":"Global Educational Policies and Reforms","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-gaps","display_name":"learning gaps","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-student-assessment","display_name":"international student assessment","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-cognitive-development","display_name":"child cognitive development","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-education","display_name":"returns to education","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-school-achievement","display_name":"primary school achievement","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vietnam","display_name":"Vietnam","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peru","display_name":"Peru","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5761100053787231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49343839287757874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.47724103927612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4696556627750397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4627957344055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4056103527545929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4024370610713959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3666563928127289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2515992522239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22497963905334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10482332110404968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oxf:wpaper:wps/2014-28","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13802/csae-wps-2014-28.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13802/csae-wps-2014-28.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea/files/sft848r106","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bulk import via Sword","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_8042"},{"id":"mag:1586935866","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/yl-wp124_singh_learning_gaps.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:csa:wpaper:2014-28","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea/files/sft848r106","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22d070a-f59f-42f6-8e3e-ac5116acb9ea","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bulk import via Sword","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_8042"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1586935866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1586935866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592018762","https://openalex.org/W640577565","https://openalex.org/W882364516","https://openalex.org/W1178495937","https://openalex.org/W1480274481","https://openalex.org/W1538767426","https://openalex.org/W1571297364","https://openalex.org/W1692809648","https://openalex.org/W1883291571","https://openalex.org/W1965115107","https://openalex.org/W1975305325","https://openalex.org/W1994524398","https://openalex.org/W2001441819","https://openalex.org/W2003960890","https://openalex.org/W2015805475","https://openalex.org/W2024503557","https://openalex.org/W2061517165","https://openalex.org/W2071937436","https://openalex.org/W2080985638","https://openalex.org/W2086001270","https://openalex.org/W2089954965","https://openalex.org/W2100746011","https://openalex.org/W2103174525","https://openalex.org/W2108478320","https://openalex.org/W2111998956","https://openalex.org/W2113003036","https://openalex.org/W2119314182","https://openalex.org/W2121000418","https://openalex.org/W2124887161","https://openalex.org/W2134656453","https://openalex.org/W2135067597","https://openalex.org/W2144246642","https://openalex.org/W2144871095","https://openalex.org/W2151220071","https://openalex.org/W2153315144","https://openalex.org/W2159425538","https://openalex.org/W2160216759","https://openalex.org/W2164505476","https://openalex.org/W2184196946","https://openalex.org/W2184220696","https://openalex.org/W2236292517","https://openalex.org/W2256836561","https://openalex.org/W2280241537","https://openalex.org/W2891506482","https://openalex.org/W2905351323","https://openalex.org/W2910279850","https://openalex.org/W3021983229","https://openalex.org/W3038127753","https://openalex.org/W3121459665","https://openalex.org/W3121546862","https://openalex.org/W3122548792","https://openalex.org/W3122705141","https://openalex.org/W3123144636","https://openalex.org/W3123962920","https://openalex.org/W3124222501","https://openalex.org/W3125132819","https://openalex.org/W3126088874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6990821725","https://openalex.org/W2249761985","https://openalex.org/W2343649617","https://openalex.org/W2949271247","https://openalex.org/W7098480815","https://openalex.org/W2195214661","https://openalex.org/W1965115107","https://openalex.org/W1442619354","https://openalex.org/W7125492518","https://openalex.org/W6903777538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,179],"substantial":[2],"learning":[3],"gaps":[4,49],"across":[5,29],"countries":[6,31,161],"on":[7],"standardized":[8],"international":[9],"assessments.In":[10],"this":[11,67],"paper,":[12],"I":[13],"use":[14],"unique":[15],"child-level":[16],"panel":[17],"data":[18],"from":[19],"Ethiopia,":[20],"India,":[21],"Peru":[22,106],"and":[23,38,61,104,107,144,158],"Vietnam":[24,93,157],"with":[25,90,105],"identical":[26],"tests":[27],"administered":[28],"these":[30],"to":[32,43,87,199],"children":[33,91,98,193],"at":[34,45,80,94,101,117,125,162],"5,":[35],"8,":[36],"12":[37],"15":[39],"years":[40,127],"of":[41,66,75,83,128,173,176],"age":[42,82,129,133,165],"ask":[44],"what":[46,62],"ages":[47],"do":[48],"between":[50,111,156,192],"different":[51],"populations":[52],"emerge,":[53],"how":[54],"they":[55],"increase":[56],"or":[57],"decline":[58],"over":[59,130],"time,":[60],"the":[63,81,95,102,121,131,159,170],"proximate":[64],"determinants":[65],"divergence":[68,136,153],"are.I":[69],"document":[70],"that":[71],"a":[72,148,174],"clear":[73],"pattern":[74],"stochastic":[76],"dominance":[77],"is":[78,137,166],"evident":[79],"5":[84,126],"years,":[85],"prior":[86],"school":[88,164],"enrolment,":[89],"in":[92,99,109,115,147,154,188,195],"upper":[96],"end,":[97],"Ethiopia":[100],"lower,":[103],"India":[108],"between.Differences":[110],"country":[112,122],"samples":[113],"grow":[114],"magnitude":[116],"later":[118],"ages,":[119],"preserving":[120],"rankings":[123],"noted":[124],"entire":[132],"range":[134],"studied.This":[135],"only":[138],"partly":[139],"explained":[140,168],"by":[141,169],"home":[142],"investments":[143],"child-specific":[145],"endowments":[146],"value-added":[149],"production":[150],"function":[151],"approach.The":[152],"achievement":[155],"other":[160],"primary":[163],"largely":[167],"differential":[171],"productivity":[172],"year":[175],"schooling.These":[177],"findings":[178],"confirmed":[180],"also":[181],"using":[182,186],"an":[183],"IV":[184],"approach,":[185],"discontinuities":[187],"grade":[189],"completion":[190],"arising":[191],"born":[194],"adjacent":[196],"months":[197],"due":[198],"country-specific":[200],"enrolment":[201],"guidelines.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}