{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1585136641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","title":"Lender Consistency in Housing Credit Markets","display_name":"Lender Consistency in Housing Credit Markets","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1585136641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","mag":"1585136641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204369","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2573-7945","issn":["2573-7945","2573-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112014385","display_name":"Mark S. Sniderman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Sniderman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112332551","display_name":"Robert B. Avery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert B. Avery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111426534","display_name":"Patricia E. Beeson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109900","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdvj03","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia E. Beeson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,","Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Consumer Economics and Housing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.6704000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10632","display_name":"Housing Market and Economics","score":0.6704000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.26899999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.04540000110864639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-mortgage-disclosure-act","display_name":"Home Mortgage Disclosure Act","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortgage","display_name":"mortgage lending","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-lending","display_name":"racial discrimination in lending","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-applicants","display_name":"minority candidates","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loan-applications","display_name":"loan applications","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lending","display_name":"lending","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refinancing","display_name":"refinancing","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-improvement-loans","display_name":"home improvement loans","score":0.9660000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.715385377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4826829731464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.46455687284469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4137054681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.41237369179725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1995774805545807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07784062623977661}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204369","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2573-7945","issn":["2573-7945","2573-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fip:fedcwp:9309","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?item_id=494595&filepath=/docs/historical/frbclev/wp/frbclv_wp1993-09.pdf#scribd-open","pdf_url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?item_id=494595&filepath=/docs/historical/frbclev/wp/frbclv_wp1993-09.pdf#scribd-open","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204369","display_name":"Working paper","issn_l":"2573-7945","issn":["2573-7945","2573-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Working paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1585136641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1585136641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483596828","https://openalex.org/W1555165380","https://openalex.org/W1595089198","https://openalex.org/W1598158502","https://openalex.org/W1598255361","https://openalex.org/W1599229719","https://openalex.org/W2917692685","https://openalex.org/W3121853618","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121853618","https://openalex.org/W3013166280","https://openalex.org/W4285171253","https://openalex.org/W2004145160","https://openalex.org/W3217533814","https://openalex.org/W7099390957","https://openalex.org/W4233125861","https://openalex.org/W4225964796","https://openalex.org/W3027175844","https://openalex.org/W152150657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increased":[0],"reporting":[1,38],"requirements":[2],"imposed":[3],"by":[4],"amendments":[5],"to":[6,18,67,72,108,115,125,155,163,168,177,253],"the":[7,27,34,81,89,103,119,122,127,201,217,236,240,250,259,262],"Home":[8],"Mortgage":[9],"Disclosure":[10],"Act":[11],"(HMDA)":[12],"have":[13],"provided":[14],"an":[15],"unprecedented":[16],"opportunity":[17],"compare":[19],"lending":[20,192],"patterns":[21,203],"across":[22,205],"markets":[23],"and":[24,59,71,96,134,137,149,167,173,185,208,211],"lenders.Most":[25],"of":[26,102,132,182,200,216],"initial":[28],"work":[29],"released":[30],"using":[31],"data":[32,242],"for":[33,50,171],"first":[35,158],"amended":[36],"HMDA":[37,241],"year":[39],"(1990)":[40],"has":[41],"focused":[42],"on":[43],"market-level":[44],"racial":[45],"differences":[46,84,109,116,227],"in":[47,64,88,110,117,191,198,219,230],"denial":[48],"rates":[49,90,112],"home":[51,150],"mortgages.This":[52],"study":[53],"examines":[54],"a":[55,78],"different":[56],"aspect:":[57],"how":[58],"why":[60],"individual":[61,86],"institutions":[62],"vary":[63],"their":[65,231],"propensity":[66],"attract":[68,164],"minority":[69,95,138,165,220],"applicants":[70,252],"approve":[73,169],"applications":[74,222],"from":[75],"those":[76],"customers.In":[77],"1992":[79],"paper,":[80],"authors":[82,120,157,237],"studied":[83],"among":[85,228],"lenders":[87,229],"at":[91],"which":[92],"they":[93],"originate":[94],"low-income":[97],"loans,":[98],"concluding":[99],"that":[100,239],"most":[101],"variation":[104,190],"can":[105,187],"be":[106],"attributed":[107],"application":[111],"rather":[113],"than":[114],"treatment.Here,":[118],"extend":[121],"previous":[123],"analysis":[124,225],"examine":[126,178],"relationship":[128],"between":[129],"various":[130,180],"measures":[131,181],"lender-market":[133],"financial":[135],"performance":[136,184,212],"loan":[139,206,221,251],"originations.The":[140],"investigation":[141],"includes":[142],"all":[143],"housing":[144,232],"credit":[145],"loans--home":[146],"purchase,":[147],"refinancings,":[148],"improvement":[151],"loans--but":[152],"is":[153,196],"limited":[154],"minorities.The":[156],"determine":[159],"each":[160],"lender's":[161],"propensities":[162],"customers":[166],"them":[170],"credit,":[172],"then":[174],"conduct":[175],"regressions":[176],"whether":[179],"lender":[183,209],"structure":[186,210],"explain":[188,213],"cross-lender":[189],"patterns.Remarkably":[193],"little":[194],"consistency":[195],"found":[197],"any":[199,215,255],"residual":[202],"or":[204,223],"types,":[207],"hardly":[214],"variations":[218],"dispositions.The":[224],"reveals":[226],"market":[233],"activities,":[234],"but":[235],"emphasize":[238],"do":[243],"not":[244],"contain":[245],"enough":[246],"relevant":[247],"information":[248],"about":[249,258],"draw":[254],"firm":[256],"conclusions":[257],"reasons":[260],"behind":[261],"observed":[263],"differences.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
