{"id":"https://openalex.org/W158368686","doi":null,"title":"Democracy and Income In-Equality: An Empirical Analysis","display_name":"Democracy and Income In-Equality: An Empirical Analysis","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W158368686","mag":"158368686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ces:ceswps:_411","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp411.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp411.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000710707","display_name":"Mark Gradstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Gradstein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084348056","display_name":"Branko Milanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7906-5696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7906-5696"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Branko Milanovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7906-5696","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053288467","display_name":"Yvonne Ying","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.8945000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-ideology","display_name":"political ideology","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-societies","display_name":"Muslim societies","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confucian-society","display_name":"Confucian society","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistribution","display_name":"redistribution","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-transfers","display_name":"informal transfers","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-ties","display_name":"family ties","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.9594734311103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6592912077903748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6570544242858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6569014191627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.6458625793457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.5771998167037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5391792058944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5165680646896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.46454381942749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519300510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542","display_name":"Income distribution","level":3,"score":0.42739883065223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3684576451778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.33762335777282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3208327293395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09302031993865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ces:ceswps:_411","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp411.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp411.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:158368686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/75721/1/cesifo_wp411.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/75721","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/75721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27905662","https://openalex.org/W1490858860","https://openalex.org/W1534162224","https://openalex.org/W1599686375","https://openalex.org/W1639085805","https://openalex.org/W1963651339","https://openalex.org/W2010034328","https://openalex.org/W2019856397","https://openalex.org/W2020272840","https://openalex.org/W2022983327","https://openalex.org/W2032882765","https://openalex.org/W2064454133","https://openalex.org/W2073954595","https://openalex.org/W2074896436","https://openalex.org/W2085424962","https://openalex.org/W2104211778","https://openalex.org/W2109368632","https://openalex.org/W2138789663","https://openalex.org/W2150879566","https://openalex.org/W2169223645","https://openalex.org/W2316182293","https://openalex.org/W2327638718","https://openalex.org/W2493793549","https://openalex.org/W2892139511","https://openalex.org/W3122567676","https://openalex.org/W3122850295","https://openalex.org/W3123642239","https://openalex.org/W3125077677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595085338","https://openalex.org/W7098469818","https://openalex.org/W7098991606","https://openalex.org/W1160140226","https://openalex.org/W1537062394","https://openalex.org/W2165114087","https://openalex.org/W2197921214","https://openalex.org/W4410413145","https://openalex.org/W2497558845","https://openalex.org/W2755991677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"standard":[1],"political":[2,195],"economy":[3],"theories":[4],"suggest":[5],"a":[6,65,76,124],"moderating":[7],"effect":[8,50,78,160],"of":[9,43,64,170,174],"democratization":[10,49,72,94,142,155],"on":[11,79,161],"income":[12,69],"inequality,":[13,148],"empirical":[14,107],"literature":[15],"has":[16,156],"failed":[17],"to":[18,130,133,144,146],"uncover":[19],"any":[20],"such":[21],"robust":[22],"relationship.":[23],"Here":[24],"we":[25],"take":[26],"yet":[27],"another":[28],"look":[29],"at":[30],"this":[31],"issue":[32],"arguing":[33],"first,":[34],"that":[35,47,165],"prevailing":[36],"ideology":[37,119],"may":[38,73],"be":[39,131],"an":[40,158],"important":[41],"determinant":[42],"inequality":[44,96,175],"and,":[45],"second,":[46],"the":[48,82,100,103,110,117,167],"works":[51],"through":[52,97,178],"ideology.":[53],"In":[54],"societies":[55,86,140,154,184],"where":[56,87,185],"equality":[57,88],"is":[58,62,89,176,192],"highly":[59],"valued":[60,91],"there":[61],"less":[63],"distributional":[66],"conflict":[67],"across":[68],"groups,":[70],"hence":[71],"have":[74],"only":[75,157],"negligible":[77],"inequality.":[80,134,162],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"in":[85,136,138,150,166,182],"not":[90],"as":[92,99,121],"much,":[93],"reduces":[95],"redistribution":[98],"poor":[101],"outvote":[102],"rich.":[104],"Our":[105],"cross-country":[106],"analysis,":[108],"covering":[109],"period":[111],"1960-98":[112],"and":[113,152],"126":[114],"countries,":[115,171],"confirms":[116],"hypothesis:":[118],"-":[120,128],"proxied":[122],"by":[123,194],"country's":[125],"dominant":[126],"religion":[127],"seems":[129],"related":[132],"But":[135],"addition,":[137],"Judeo-Christian":[139,183],"increased":[141],"appears":[143],"lead":[145],"lower":[147],"while":[149,181],"Muslim":[151],"Confucian":[153],"insignificant":[159],"We":[163],"hypothesize":[164],"latter":[168],"group":[169],"desired":[172,190],"level":[173],"reached":[177],"informal":[179],"transfers,":[180],"family":[186],"ties":[187],"are":[188],"weaker,":[189],"outcome":[191],"achieved":[193],"action.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
