{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1583633094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","title":"The Structure of Production, Technological Change, and the Rate of Growth of Total Factor Productivity in the Bell System","display_name":"The Structure of Production, Technological Change, and the Rate of Growth of Total Factor Productivity in the Bell System","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1583633094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","mag":"1583633094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111374987","display_name":"M. Ishaq Nadiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ishaq Nadiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","New York University (NYU) - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University (NYU) - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074434652","display_name":"Mark A. Schankerman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Schankerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","London School of Economics and Political Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics and Political Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.8978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.8978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.053300000727176666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bell-system","display_name":"Bell System","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity-growth","display_name":"total factor productivity growth","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"technological change","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-substitution","display_name":"factor substitution","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-and-development","display_name":"research and development","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translog-cost-function","display_name":"translog cost function","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-structure","display_name":"production structure","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-industry","display_name":"telecommunications industry","score":0.746999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.705773115158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6298012733459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5967313051223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.5438017249107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36118122935295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1186898946762085}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cvs:starer:79-14","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://econ.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/9404/RR79-14.pdf","pdf_url":"http://econ.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/9404/RR79-14.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0358","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w0358.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w0358.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3123596395","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3150117959","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/0358.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w0358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w0358","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1583633094.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097113827","https://openalex.org/W1525488168","https://openalex.org/W1583724818","https://openalex.org/W2072694427","https://openalex.org/W2052935655","https://openalex.org/W431832734","https://openalex.org/W2388406780","https://openalex.org/W1598272765","https://openalex.org/W2107145317","https://openalex.org/W7097845736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,8,99,135,221],"objectives":[1],"of":[2,17,32,51,60,87,95,107,124,131,160,162,180,224,235,238],"this":[3,54],"preliminary":[4],"study":[5],"are":[6],"threefold.":[7],"first":[9,201],"is":[10,27,47,138,228],"to":[11,41,115,139,148,186,231],"analyze":[12],"empirically":[13],"the":[14,18,22,30,35,39,43,58,65,72,79,85,92,96,105,113,119,128,141,149,158,177,211,218,225,233,236],"production":[15,45,73,93],"structure":[16,94],"Bell":[19,66,97,150,212],"System":[20,67,151],"at":[21],"aggregate":[23,44,206],"level.":[24],"Particular":[25],"attention":[26],"focused":[28],"on":[29,91],"pattern":[31],"substitution":[33],"among":[34],"factor":[36,129,164],"inputs":[37],"and":[38,62,75,122,152,171,189],"degree":[40],"which":[42,116],"function":[46,209],"characterized":[48],"by":[49,193,200],"economies":[50,146,188,227],"scale.":[52],"In":[53],"connection,":[55],"we":[56,83,169],"explore":[57,140,232],"role":[59],"research":[61],"development":[63],"in":[64,71,156,203],"as":[68],"an":[69,205],"input":[70],"process,":[74],"its":[76],"interaction":[77],"with":[78],"traditional":[80],"inputs.":[81],"Second,":[82],"examine":[84],"impact":[86],"external":[88,132,153],"technological":[89],"chance":[90],"System.":[98],"issues":[100,199],"here":[101],"include":[102],"not":[103],"only":[104],"rate":[106,159],"such":[108],"technical":[109,133,154,194],"change,":[110],"but":[111],"also":[112],"extent":[114],"it":[117],"alters":[118],"optimal":[120],"level":[121],"mix":[123],"inputs,":[125],"that":[126],"is,":[127],"bias":[130],"change.":[134,195],"third":[136],"objective":[137],"inter":[142],"relationship":[143],"between":[144],"scale":[145,187,226],"internal":[147],"change":[155],"determining":[157],"growth":[161,179,237],"total":[163],"productivity":[165],"(TFP)":[166],".":[167],"Specifically,":[168],"propose":[170],"illustrate":[172],"a":[173,183,190,204],"methodology":[174],"for":[175,210,217],"composing":[176],"observed":[178],"TFP":[181],"into":[182],"part":[184,191],"related":[185],"included":[192],"We":[196],"address":[197],"these":[198],"estimate":[202,223],"translog":[207],"cost":[208],"System,":[213],"using":[214],"annual":[215],"data":[216],"period":[219],"1947-1976.":[220],"implied":[222],"then":[229],"used":[230],"sources":[234],"TFP.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
