{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1581532238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","title":"Metaphor and irony: Two levels of understanding","display_name":"Metaphor and irony: Two levels of understanding","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1581532238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","mag":"1581532238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metaphor and Thought","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253408209","display_name":"Metaphor and Thought"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075530900","display_name":"Ellen Winner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-6621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-6621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Winner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024191166","display_name":"Howard Gardner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-4291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-4291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Graduate School of Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Graduate School of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96815287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"425","last_page":"444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.7973999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.7973999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.1647000014781952,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10383","display_name":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"metaphor","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irony","display_name":"irony","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implied-meaning","display_name":"implied meaning","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversational-implicature","display_name":"conversational implicature","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-meaning","display_name":"speaker meaning","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.7931026220321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776829547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506294","display_name":"Picnic","level":2,"score":0.713077962398529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7123754024505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937","display_name":"Multitude","level":2,"score":0.6423693895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779975665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361","display_name":"Irony","level":2,"score":0.6283020973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5533419251441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5211646556854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46182478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363315","display_name":"Literal and figurative language","level":2,"score":0.41391849517822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34355032444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3370288014411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.19751685857772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.19388353824615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1656041443347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.04987788200378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metaphor and Thought","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993667502","https://openalex.org/W2043338690","https://openalex.org/W1570112479","https://openalex.org/W2510767017","https://openalex.org/W2043316777","https://openalex.org/W1979003363","https://openalex.org/W2059925151","https://openalex.org/W2481410914","https://openalex.org/W2139408967","https://openalex.org/W7098451473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,171,182,205,229],"defense":[1],"of":[2,37,112,236],"the":[3,20,34,64,90,115,136,147,154,158,162,202,207,219,239,245,255],"literal\u2013nonliteral":[4],"distinction":[5,137,155,208],"Speakers":[6],"often":[7],"do":[8,186],"not":[9,54,187],"say":[10,178],"what":[11,25,30,119,150,165,176,189,193,222,226],"they":[12,97,134,177,190,249],"mean.":[13],"Both":[14],"literal":[15,36,125,139,172,210,230],"and":[16,86,102,126,140,179,211,225,263],"nonliteral":[17,127,141,183,212],"utterances":[18,38,231],"require":[19],"listener":[21,116],"to":[22,28,41,117],"go":[23],"beyond":[24],"is":[26,31,39,50,58,77,120,151,166,194,223,227,234],"said":[27,167,195,224],"infer":[29,118],"meant.":[32,121,152,228],"Even":[33],"most":[35],"meant":[40],"convey":[42],"unstated":[43],"implications.":[44],"To":[45],"state":[46],"(truthfully)":[47],"that":[48,56,92],"it":[49,57],"raining":[51,59],"can":[52],"mean":[53,131,175,188],"only":[55],"but":[60,199],"also":[61],"(depending":[62],"on":[63,145,157,218],"context)":[65],"(":[66,72,79,260,264],"a":[67],")":[68,74,81,262,266],"\u201cTake":[69],"your":[70],"umbrella,\u201d":[71],"b":[73,261],"\u201cThe":[75],"picnic":[76],"off,\u201d":[78],"c":[80,265],"\u201cI":[82],"told":[83],"you":[84],"so,\u201d":[85],"so":[87],"forth.":[88],"Despite":[89],"fact":[91],"these":[93],"meanings":[94,241],"are":[95,98,242],"unstated,":[96],"usually":[99],"effortlessly":[100],"apprehended,":[101],"conversataion":[103],"typically":[104],"proceeds":[105],"thereafter":[106],"in":[107,123,201,214,259],"seamless":[108],"fashion.":[109],"A":[110],"multitude":[111],"cues":[113],"enables":[114],"Since":[122],"both":[124],"discourse":[128,213],"speakers":[129,174,185],"invariably":[130],"more":[132,180],"than":[133],"say,":[135],"between":[138,209,221],"usage":[142],"cannot":[143],"rest":[144],"whether":[146,161],"speaker":[148,163],"says":[149],"Instead,":[153],"rests":[156,217],"reverse":[159],"\u2013":[160],"means":[164],"(Searle,":[168],"this":[169,232],"volume).":[170],"discourse,":[173,184],".":[181],"say.":[191],"Hence,":[192],"must":[196],"be":[197],"used":[198],"discounted":[200],"interpretation":[203],"process.":[204],"addition,":[206],"our":[215],"view":[216],"relation":[220,233],"one":[235],"consonance":[237],":":[238],"implied":[240],"consistent":[243],"with":[244],"sentence":[246],"meaning":[247],"though":[248],"may":[250],"range":[251],"far":[252],"afield":[253],"from":[254],"actual":[256],"statement,":[257],"as":[258],"above.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}