{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1580255018","doi":null,"title":"$40 million slaves : the rise, fall, and redemption of the Black athlete","display_name":"$40 million slaves : the rise, fall, and redemption of the Black athlete","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1580255018","mag":"1580255018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014745182","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip064/2005034952.html","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033450433","display_name":"William C. Rhoden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William C. Rhoden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033450433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.4859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98729146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14518","display_name":"American Sports and Literature","score":0.7817000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14518","display_name":"American Sports and Literature","score":0.7817000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Physical Education and Sports Studies","score":0.09960000216960907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.09610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-athletes","display_name":"African American athletes","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-athletes","display_name":"Black athletes","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-history","display_name":"sports history","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploitation-of-athletes","display_name":"exploitation of athletes","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-coverage-of-athletes","display_name":"media coverage of athletes","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-owners","display_name":"team owners","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-inequality-in-sport","display_name":"racial inequality in sport","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-athlete-development","display_name":"youth athlete development","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-sports","display_name":"professional sports","score":0.3269999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4316340386867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.32732510566711426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014745182","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip064/2005034952.html","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1580255018","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA79068500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306480878","display_name":"Three Rivers Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Three Rivers Press eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804692247","https://openalex.org/W2909204094","https://openalex.org/W2029264222","https://openalex.org/W4254633975","https://openalex.org/W1754460365","https://openalex.org/W2325537154","https://openalex.org/W1555490869","https://openalex.org/W1986187123","https://openalex.org/W3172615484","https://openalex.org/W3110116824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"critical":[1],"analysis":[2],"of":[3],"African":[4],"Americans":[5],"in":[6],"sports":[7],"argues":[8],"that":[9,22],"every":[10],"advance":[11],"by":[12,18,33],"black":[13,23],"athletes":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"countered":[17],"a":[19],"setback":[20],"and":[21,36],"youngsters":[24],"who":[25],"are":[26,31],"brought":[27],"into":[28],"big-time":[29],"programs":[30],"exploited":[32],"the":[34],"media":[35],"team":[37],"owners.":[38]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
