{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1579791237","doi":null,"title":"How Individuals Smooth Spending: Evidence from the 2013 Government Shutdown Using Account Data","display_name":"How Individuals Smooth Spending: Evidence from the 2013 Government Shutdown Using Account Data","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1579791237","mag":"1579791237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1579791237","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eml.berkeley.edu/~kariv/GKSST_II.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eml.berkeley.edu/~kariv/GKSST_II.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035926592","display_name":"Michael Gelman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1714-7442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1714-7442","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-039X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gelman","raw_affiliation_strings":["(University of Michigan)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1714-7442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Michigan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048387019","display_name":"Shachar Kariv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-3917","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-3917"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shachar Kariv","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-3917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034718687","display_name":"Matthew D. Shapiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-7932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-7932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew D. Shapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["(University of Michigan)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-7932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(University of Michigan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110737998","display_name":"Dan P. Silverman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-6412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-6412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Silverman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036721922","display_name":"Steven Tadelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-8052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-8052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Tadelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8864-8052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.07699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption-smoothing","display_name":"consumption smoothing","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-shocks","display_name":"income shocks","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginal-propensity-to-consume","display_name":"marginal propensity to consume","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-savings","display_name":"household savings","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquidity-constraints","display_name":"liquidity constraints","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortgage-payments","display_name":"mortgage payments","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-card-balances","display_name":"credit card balances","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurring-payments","display_name":"recurring payments","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780263472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331902","display_name":"Shutdown","level":2,"score":0.7604057788848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.6454135179519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183582576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783","display_name":"Market liquidity","level":2,"score":0.6231634616851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6229898929595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161629241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1879079","display_name":"Marginal propensity to consume","level":3,"score":0.6167243719100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5777180194854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5560846328735352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4715849459171295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.4604623317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4338085949420929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.43108803033828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.41651663184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.34785765409469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33902406692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2342071533203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1579791237","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eml.berkeley.edu/~kariv/GKSST_II.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.714.8478","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.714.8478","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/%7Eshapiro/papers/Govt-Shutdown.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3122289551","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1579791237","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eml.berkeley.edu/~kariv/GKSST_II.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41999998688697815}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169371546","https://openalex.org/W1577592784","https://openalex.org/W1987285598","https://openalex.org/W2035108032","https://openalex.org/W2038670892","https://openalex.org/W2066472033","https://openalex.org/W2126729239","https://openalex.org/W2133757074","https://openalex.org/W2142406045","https://openalex.org/W2142594557","https://openalex.org/W2142965569","https://openalex.org/W2144969436","https://openalex.org/W2253042159","https://openalex.org/W2890879680","https://openalex.org/W3023286743","https://openalex.org/W3121687806","https://openalex.org/W3121865082","https://openalex.org/W3122021056","https://openalex.org/W3123351164","https://openalex.org/W3123499850","https://openalex.org/W3124595787","https://openalex.org/W3125133885","https://openalex.org/W3126088645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807290823","https://openalex.org/W3125205782","https://openalex.org/W7100344974","https://openalex.org/W2587292370","https://openalex.org/W2778697703","https://openalex.org/W4386776469","https://openalex.org/W4410112480","https://openalex.org/W2907148004","https://openalex.org/W7171618777","https://openalex.org/W3033436865"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"comprehensive":[1],"account":[2],"records,":[3],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"examines":[6],"how":[7,70],"individuals":[8,75],"adjusted":[9],"spending":[10,52],"and":[11,49,94,109],"saving":[12],"in":[13,19],"response":[14],"to":[15,22,63,83],"a":[16,56,127],"temporary":[17],"drop":[18],"income":[20],"due":[21],"the":[23,45,60,130,140,144],"2013":[24],"U.S.":[25],"government":[26],"shutdown.":[27],"The":[28],"shutdown":[29],"cut":[30],"paychecks":[31],"by":[32,126],"40":[33],"%":[34],"for":[35,119],"affected":[36],"employees,":[37],"which":[38],"was":[39,47],"recovered":[40],"within":[41],"2":[42],"weeks.":[43],"Though":[44],"shock":[46],"short-lived":[48],"completely":[50],"reversed,":[51],"dropped":[53],"sharply":[54],"implying":[55],"na\u0308\u0131ve":[57],"estimate":[58,68],"of":[59,65,88,143],"marginal":[61],"propensity":[62],"spend":[64],"0.58.":[66],"This":[67,122],"overstates":[69],"consumption":[71,85],"responded.":[72],"While":[73],"many":[74,117],"had":[76],"low":[77],"liquidity,":[78],"they":[79],"used":[80],"multiple":[81],"strategies":[82],"smooth":[84],"including":[86],"delay":[87],"recurring":[89],"payments":[90],"such":[91],"as":[92,112,114],"mortgages":[93],"credit":[95],"card":[96],"balances.":[97],"\u2217We":[98],"thank":[99],"Kyle":[100],"Herkenhoff,":[101],"Patrick":[102],"Kline,":[103],"Dimitriy":[104],"Masterov,":[105],"Melvin":[106],"Stephens":[107],"Jr.,":[108],"Jeffrey":[110],"Smith":[111],"well":[113],"participants":[115],"at":[116],"seminars":[118],"helpful":[120],"comments.":[121],"research":[123],"is":[124],"supported":[125],"grant":[128],"from":[129,139],"Alfred":[131],"P.":[132],"Sloan":[133],"Foundation.":[134],"Shapiro":[135],"acknowledges":[136],"additional":[137],"support":[138],"Michigan":[141],"node":[142],"NSF-Census":[145],"Research":[146],"Network":[147],"(NSF":[148],"SES":[149],"1131500).":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}