{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1578600040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","title":"Offshore Outsourcing and Non\u2010production Workers: Firm\u2010level Relationships Disaggregated by Skills and Suppliers","display_name":"Offshore Outsourcing and Non\u2010production Workers: Firm\u2010level Relationships Disaggregated by Skills and Suppliers","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1578600040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","mag":"1578600040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45372229","display_name":"World Economy","issn_l":"0378-5920","issn":["0378-5920","1467-9701"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091157564","display_name":"Eiichi Tomiura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-6741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-6741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147250","display_name":"Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/048zqcn09","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147250"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiichi Tomiura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Yokohama National University, and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), Yokohama City, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Yokohama National University, and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), Yokohama City, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408","https://openalex.org/I4210147250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041673918","display_name":"Banri Ito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-9947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-9947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147250","display_name":"Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/048zqcn09","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85283370","display_name":"Senshu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jzxkg37","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85283370"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Banri Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senshu University and RIETI, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senshu University and RIETI, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147250","https://openalex.org/I85283370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027802860","display_name":"Ryuhei Wakasugi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9767-1470","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9767-1470"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147250","display_name":"Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/048zqcn09","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147250"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryuhei Wakasugi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyoto University and RIETI, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyoto University and RIETI, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4210147250"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89790792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"180","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.030899999663233757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-outsourcing","display_name":"offshore outsourcing","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshoring","display_name":"offshoring","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-production-workers","display_name":"non-production workers","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skilled-workers","display_name":"skilled workers","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-skilled-workers","display_name":"low-skilled workers","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-composition","display_name":"skill composition","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-manufacturers","display_name":"Japanese manufacturing firms","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-effects","display_name":"employment effects","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordination-costs","display_name":"coordination costs","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overseas-business-management","display_name":"overseas business management","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39302471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9051832","display_name":"Offshoring","level":3,"score":0.9572269916534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8193351030349731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7460631132125854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6849324107170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778330380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Offshore outsourcing","level":4,"score":0.6107078790664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5024147033691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.4928469657897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4555285573005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.41558682918548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3008994460105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.212222158908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0883188545703888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01477.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45372229","display_name":"World Economy","issn_l":"0378-5920","issn":["0378-5920","1467-9701"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083863039","display_name":"Microeconometric empirical analysis of location choices by firms in globalizing Japan","funder_award_id":"22530218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5072517521","display_name":"Studies of firm's internationalization and market factors: Theory and evidence","funder_award_id":"24243034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175538444","https://openalex.org/W273093436","https://openalex.org/W1249814474","https://openalex.org/W1490226430","https://openalex.org/W1509420958","https://openalex.org/W1539086597","https://openalex.org/W1550044003","https://openalex.org/W1575140665","https://openalex.org/W1964456638","https://openalex.org/W1978573205","https://openalex.org/W2017313155","https://openalex.org/W2053820163","https://openalex.org/W2148363467","https://openalex.org/W2189256409","https://openalex.org/W2236283978","https://openalex.org/W2891485059","https://openalex.org/W3121544364","https://openalex.org/W4247508718","https://openalex.org/W7099879662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W33100891","https://openalex.org/W3121496034","https://openalex.org/W1561287803","https://openalex.org/W2092378625","https://openalex.org/W2238064237","https://openalex.org/W7100488746","https://openalex.org/W1518653971","https://openalex.org/W2154366648","https://openalex.org/W7095685525","https://openalex.org/W7070328513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"analysing":[2],"the":[3,8,37,80,115,140,146,220],"impact":[4],"of":[5,82,96,142,148],"offshoring":[6,17,57,66,92,103,210],"on":[7,131,214,217],"skill":[9],"composition,":[10],"previous":[11],"empirical":[12],"studies":[13],"have":[14],"established":[15],"that":[16,79,95,114,139,188,209],"firms":[18,93,159,162,172],"employ":[19],"more":[20],"non\u2010production":[21,26,34,43,47,51,84,98,109,125,143],"workers.":[22,126],"However,":[23],"not":[24,169,243],"all":[25],"workers":[27,35,48,52,85,99,121,144],"are":[28,191,226,234],"highly":[29],"skilled.":[30],"This":[31,185],"paper":[32,77,137],"disaggregates":[33],"into":[36],"following":[38],"three":[39],"categories:":[40],"(i)":[41],"skilled":[42,83,118],"workers,":[44],"(ii)":[45],"unskilled":[46,97,120],"and":[49,58,160,219],"(iii)":[50],"with":[53,69],"special":[54],"skills":[55],"for":[56,72,145,236],"other":[59,182],"overseas":[60,149],"business":[61,204],"management.":[62],"By":[63],"linking":[64],"our":[65,128],"survey":[67],"data":[68,71,130],"firm\u2010level":[70],"Japanese":[73,171,183],"manufacturing":[74],"firms,":[75],"this":[76,111,136],"finds":[78,138],"share":[81,141],"tends":[86,151],"to":[87,108,152,164,174,193],"be":[88,153,194],"significantly":[89],"high":[90,154],"in":[91,134,155,161,170,237],"but":[94,168,179],"is":[100],"not.":[101],"As":[102],"has":[104,211],"expanded":[105],"from":[106],"production":[107],"tasks,":[110],"result":[112],"implies":[113],"distinction":[116],"between":[117],"versus":[119],"becomes":[122],"critical":[123],"among":[124],"Using":[127],"unique":[129],"supplier":[132],"types":[133],"offshoring,":[135],"management":[147],"activities":[150],"foreign":[156,165],"direct":[157],"investment":[158],"outsourcing":[163,173],"independent":[166],"suppliers,":[167],"offshore":[175],"suppliers":[176,218],"located":[177],"abroad":[178],"owned":[180],"by":[181,199],"firms.":[184],"difference":[186],"indicates":[187],"coordination":[189],"burdens":[190],"likely":[192],"at":[195],"least":[196],"partly":[197],"mitigated":[198],"common":[200],"languages":[201],"or":[202],"shared":[203],"practices.":[205],"These":[206],"findings":[207],"suggest":[208],"different":[212],"impacts":[213],"employment":[215],"depending":[216],"worker\u2019s":[221],"skill.":[222],"The":[223],"principal":[224],"results":[225],"confirmed":[227],"robust":[228],"even":[229],"after":[230],"various":[231],"firm":[232],"characteristics":[233],"controlled":[235],"panel":[238],"regressions,":[239],"though":[240],"we":[241],"should":[242],"give":[244],"any":[245],"causal":[246],"interpretations.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
