{"id":"https://openalex.org/W157679296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","title":"The Glycemic Index1","display_name":"The Glycemic Index1","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W157679296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","mag":"157679296","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1159/000417536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754680136","display_name":"World review of nutrition and dietetics","issn_l":"0084-2230","issn":["0084-2230","1662-3975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W157679296"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019537232","display_name":"Thomas M. S. Wolever","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-8575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-8575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. S. Wolever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutritional Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019537232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":323,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99786689,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"120","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10140","display_name":"Food composition and properties","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10140","display_name":"Food composition and properties","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12964","display_name":"Diet, Metabolism, and Disease","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12267","display_name":"Diet and metabolism studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-index","display_name":"glycemic index","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-response","display_name":"glycemic response","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/starchy-foods","display_name":"starchy foods","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-meal","display_name":"mixed meal","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-processing-effects","display_name":"food processing effects","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digestion-rate","display_name":"digestion rate","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabaceae","display_name":"Fabaceae","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-grain-bread","display_name":"whole grain bread","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parboiled-rice","display_name":"parboiled rice","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-glucose","display_name":"blood glucose","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"insulin","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonic-fermentation","display_name":"colonic fermentation","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-therapy","display_name":"dietary therapy","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776652674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273924","display_name":"Glycemic index","level":4,"score":0.872899055480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.8405466675758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5869057774543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5784032940864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781379145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929014","display_name":"Glycemic load","level":5,"score":0.5745549201965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5135722160339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.4665398895740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017484543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273924","display_name":"Glycaemic index","level":5,"score":0.4127490520477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.3774945139884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2803232967853546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19321218132972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004040","descriptor_name":"Dietary Carbohydrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1159/000417536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000417536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754680136","display_name":"World review of nutrition and dietetics","issn_l":"0084-2230","issn":["0084-2230","1662-3975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317820","host_organization_name":"Karger Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317820"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Karger Publishers"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:2180214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World review of nutrition and dietetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205641813","https://openalex.org/W1969536836","https://openalex.org/W6481658","https://openalex.org/W4233679183","https://openalex.org/W1965064625","https://openalex.org/W2087847035","https://openalex.org/W2017405588","https://openalex.org/W2063767363","https://openalex.org/W1962752397","https://openalex.org/W296679312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"starchy":[1,204,361],"foods":[2,37,63,87,188,205,232,247,264,319,334,362],"produce":[3],"different":[4,100,158,169],"glycemic":[5,45,52,73,84,121,145,209,358],"responses":[6,85,146,210],"when":[7],"fed":[8],"individually,":[9],"and":[10,28,66,133,155,221,243,270,281,285],"there":[11,172],"is":[12,76,124,161,173,343,354],"evidence":[13],"that":[14,346],"this":[15,274],"also":[16,39,107,139],"applies":[17],"in":[18,51,81,151,292,305,372],"the":[19,22,33,44,58,62,67,83,97,120,128,152,165,175,183,192,197,254,283,293,298,306,309,314,337,340,347,352,357,373,376],"context":[20,307],"of":[21,26,36,79,86,99,112,117,119,130,135,137,144,168,187,191,196,230,256,273,287,297,308,313,339,351,360,378],"mixed":[23],"meal.":[24],"Methods":[25],"processing,":[27],"other":[29],"factors":[30,69],"unrelated":[31],"to":[32,55,57,102,180,276,282,300,331,355],"nutrient":[34,311],"composition":[35,312],"may":[38,140,248,320,327],"have":[40,141,211,235,321,366],"major":[41],"effects":[42,359],"on":[43,336,375],"response.":[46],"The":[47,72,115,268,295],"reason":[48],"for":[49,369],"differences":[50],"response":[53,122],"appears":[54],"relate":[56,275],"rate":[59],"at":[60],"which":[61,82,363],"are":[64,88,189,258],"digested":[65],"many":[68],"influencing":[70],"this.":[71],"index":[74],"(GI)":[75],"a":[77,91,110,322],"system":[78],"classification":[80],"indexed":[89],"against":[90],"standard":[92],"(white":[93],"bread).":[94],"This":[95],"allows":[96],"results":[98],"investigators":[101],"be":[103,304,329],"pooled.":[104],"GI":[105,166,185,263,299,353],"values":[106,167,186],"depend":[108],"upon":[109],"number":[111],"nonfood-related":[113],"variables.":[114],"method":[116,129],"calculation":[118],"area":[123],"most":[125,348],"important,":[126],"but":[127,325],"blood":[131,240],"sampling":[132],"length":[134],"time":[136],"studies":[138],"effects.":[142],"Variability":[143],"arises":[147],"from":[148,178],"day-to-day":[149],"variation":[150,156],"same":[153,176],"subject":[154,177],"between":[157,164],"subjects.":[159],"There":[160],"less":[162],"variability":[163],"subjects":[170,198],"than":[171],"within":[174],"day":[179],"day.":[181],"Therefore,":[182],"mean":[184],"independent":[190],"glucose":[193],"tolerance":[194],"status":[195],"being":[199],"tested.":[200],"Potentially":[201],"clinically":[202],"useful":[203],"producing":[206],"relatively":[207],"flat":[208],"been":[212,236,367],"identified,":[213],"including":[214],"legumes,":[215],"pasta,":[216],"barley,":[217],"bulgur,":[218],"parboiled":[219],"rice":[220],"whole":[222],"grain":[223],"breads":[224],"such":[225],"as":[226],"pumpernickel.":[227],"Specific":[228],"incorporation":[229],"these":[231,257,333],"into":[233],"diets":[234,302],"associated":[237],"with":[238],"reduced":[239],"glucose,":[241],"insulin,":[242],"lipid":[244],"levels.":[245],"Low-GI":[246],"influence":[249],"amino":[250],"acid":[251],"metabolism":[252],"although":[253],"implications":[255,272],"unknown.":[259],"In":[260],"addition,":[261],"low":[262,323],"increase":[265],"colonic":[266],"fermentation.":[267],"physiologic":[269],"metabolic":[271],"increased":[277],"bacterial":[278],"urea":[279],"utilization,":[280],"production":[284],"absorption":[286],"short":[288],"chain":[289],"fatty":[290],"acids":[291],"colon.":[294],"application":[296],"therapeutic":[301],"should":[303],"overall":[310],"diet.":[315],"High-fat":[316],"or":[317],"high-sugar":[318],"GI,":[324],"it":[326],"not":[328],"prudent":[330],"recommend":[332],"solely":[335],"basis":[338,377],"GI.":[341],"It":[342],"therefore":[344],"suggested":[345],"appropriate":[349],"use":[350],"rank":[356],"would":[364],"already":[365],"chosen":[368],"possible":[370],"inclusion":[371],"diet":[374],"their":[379],"nutritional":[380],"attributes,":[381],"i.e.":[382],"low-fat,":[383],"unrefined":[384],"carbohydrate.":[385]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
