{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1576077299","doi":null,"title":"Credit rationing and firms in oligopoly","display_name":"Credit rationing and firms in oligopoly","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1576077299","mag":"1576077299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:35086","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Monograph"},"volume":null,"type":"book","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061108780","display_name":"Jian Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-4853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-4853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-4853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061108780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.4580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.4580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.18070000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.1193000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-rationing","display_name":"credit rationing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligopoly","display_name":"oligopoly","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hold-up-problem","display_name":"hold-up problem","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wealth-constraints","display_name":"wealth constraints","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-financing","display_name":"external financing","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetric-equilibrium","display_name":"asymmetric equilibria","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-concentration","display_name":"market concentration","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-the-firm","display_name":"theory of the firm","score":0.6380000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1787079","display_name":"Credit rationing","level":3,"score":0.9152843952178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775994111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843478","display_name":"Rationing","level":3,"score":0.7342405319213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121398111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103639","display_name":"Oligopoly","level":3,"score":0.7216618061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.7207052707672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123336316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247776","display_name":"Product market","level":3,"score":0.6527804732322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5994386672973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.573972225189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5473003387451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5093887448310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.44345518946647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.42298150062561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175025494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179179","display_name":"Interest rate","level":2,"score":0.21396315097808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.1459079384803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.1457158625125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1321350336074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:35086","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:stn:sotoec:0505","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:stn:sotoec:505","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.488.3383","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.488.3383","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.southampton.ac.uk/socsci/economics/research/papers/documents/2005/0505.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1576077299","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/1/0505.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:stn:sotoec:35086","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/35086/3/indexcodes.txt","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516768501","https://openalex.org/W1546441328","https://openalex.org/W1546523058","https://openalex.org/W1580191282","https://openalex.org/W1973308529","https://openalex.org/W1976371402","https://openalex.org/W1998691772","https://openalex.org/W2011082753","https://openalex.org/W2016995324","https://openalex.org/W2047582865","https://openalex.org/W2063998468","https://openalex.org/W2117455041","https://openalex.org/W2124597406","https://openalex.org/W2133207356","https://openalex.org/W2140281938","https://openalex.org/W2140409505","https://openalex.org/W2149088624","https://openalex.org/W2171247542","https://openalex.org/W2172399901","https://openalex.org/W2204661759","https://openalex.org/W2315556200","https://openalex.org/W2341795385","https://openalex.org/W2645835341","https://openalex.org/W3023830165","https://openalex.org/W3121707495","https://openalex.org/W3124909988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181646142","https://openalex.org/W613294731","https://openalex.org/W7097213737","https://openalex.org/W1508233177","https://openalex.org/W1484142535","https://openalex.org/W1533251304","https://openalex.org/W1548354348","https://openalex.org/W2145004420","https://openalex.org/W2112612847","https://openalex.org/W196577834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"develops":[2],"a":[3,23,53],"theory":[4],"of":[5],"the":[6,42,48,65,79],"firm,":[7],"and":[8,29,94],"equilibrium":[9,43,55,67],"credit":[10],"rationing":[11,20],"mech-anisms":[12],"in":[13],"oligopoly":[14],"with":[15],"R&D-product":[16],"market":[17,92],"competition.":[18],"Credit":[19],"arises":[21],"from":[22],"hold-up":[24,49],"problem":[25,50],"between":[26],"wealth-constrained":[27],"entrepreneurs":[28],"ex-ternal":[30],"investors.":[31],"Underinvestment":[32],"occurs":[33],"if":[34],"entrepreneurial":[35],"wealth":[36],"constraint":[37],"is":[38],"binding,":[39],"even":[40],"though":[41],"corporate":[44],"governance":[45],"structure":[46],"addresses":[47],"optimally.":[51],"In":[52,63],"symmetric":[54],"outcome":[56,68],"all":[57],"firms":[58,71],"face":[59],"equitable":[60],"credit-size":[61],"rationing.":[62],"contrast":[64],"asymmetric":[66],"sees":[69],"some":[70],"(the":[72,81],"\u2018preys\u2019)":[73],"denied":[74],"external":[75],"credits":[76],"entirely":[77],"while":[78],"others":[80],"\u2018predators\u2019)":[82],"receiving":[83],"more":[84],"favorable":[85],"finances,":[86],"which":[87],"turns":[88],"out":[89],"to":[90],"increase":[91],"concentration":[93],"overall":[95],"R&D":[96],"investments.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
