{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1574470037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","title":"The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it","display_name":"The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1574470037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","mag":"1574470037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.45-2714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3033,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"05","first_page":"45","last_page":"2714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.09799999743700027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11042","display_name":"Corruption and Economic Development","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-billion","display_name":"bottom billion","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-poverty","display_name":"extreme poverty","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failed-states","display_name":"failed states","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-instability","display_name":"political instability","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-dependence","display_name":"natural resource dependence","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-war","display_name":"civil war","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governance","display_name":"governance","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-assistance","display_name":"development aid","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-corruption-policy","display_name":"anti-corruption policy","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-trade-policy","display_name":"preferential trade policy","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-intervention","display_name":"military intervention","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/g8","display_name":"G8","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-decline","display_name":"economic decline","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45673868060112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4131860136985779}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.45-2714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.75},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4659999907016754}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502198272","https://openalex.org/W2017540542","https://openalex.org/W2104764082","https://openalex.org/W2073254488","https://openalex.org/W2084227502","https://openalex.org/W2066504725","https://openalex.org/W2010938771","https://openalex.org/W2778042569","https://openalex.org/W2070530935","https://openalex.org/W3125332134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"poverty":[1],"is":[2,19,47],"falling":[3],"rapidly,":[4],"but":[5,61],"in":[6,78,128,234],"around":[7],"fifty":[8],"failing":[9],"states,":[10],"the":[11,36,39,63,66,69,73,81,84,106,118,121,125,138,146,170,196,222,228,232,235],"world's":[12],"poorest":[13],"people":[14,76],"face":[15],"a":[16,30,32,97,160,185,192],"tragedy":[17],"that":[18,115,156,172],"growing":[20],"inexorably":[21],"worse.":[22],"This":[23],"bottom":[24,224],"billion":[25,46],"live":[26,77],"on":[27,145],"less":[28],"than":[29],"dollar":[31],"day":[33],"and":[34,50,112,134,137,151,165,182,207],"while":[35],"rest":[37,67],"of":[38,65,68,83,108,120,148,153,163,189,214,227],"world":[40,233],"moves":[41],"steadily":[42],"forward,":[43],"this":[44],"forgotten":[45,223],"left":[48],"further":[49,51],"behind":[52],"with":[53],"potentially":[54],"serious":[55],"consequences":[56],"not":[57],"only":[58],"for":[59,62,195],"them":[60,158],"stability":[64],"world.":[70],"Why":[71,91],"do":[72],"states":[74],"these":[75,129,180,215],"defy":[79],"all":[80],"attempts":[82],"international":[85],"aid":[86,174],"community":[87],"to":[88,95,178,220],"help":[89,221],"them?":[90],"does":[92],"nothing":[93],"seem":[94],"make":[96],"difference?":[98],"In":[99],"The":[100],"Bottom":[101],"Billion,":[102],"Paul":[103],"Collier":[104,168],"pinpoints":[105],"issues":[107],"corruption,":[109],"political":[110],"instability":[111],"resource":[113],"management":[114],"lie":[116],"at":[117],"root":[119],"problem.":[122],"He":[123],"describes":[124],"battle":[126],"raging":[127],"countries":[130],"between":[131],"corrupt":[132],"leaders":[133],"would-be":[135],"reformers":[136],"factors":[139],"such":[140],"as":[141],"civil":[142],"war,":[143],"dependence":[144],"export":[147],"natural":[149],"resources":[150],"lack":[152],"good":[154],"governance":[155],"trap":[157],"into":[159],"downward":[161],"spiral":[162],"economic":[164],"social":[166],"decline.":[167],"addresses":[169],"fact":[171],"conventional":[173],"has":[175],"been":[176],"unable":[177],"tackle":[179],"problems":[181],"puts":[183],"forward":[184],"radical":[186],"new":[187,193],"plan":[188],"action":[190],"including":[191],"agenda":[194],"G8":[197],"which":[198],"includes":[199],"more":[200],"effective":[201],"anti-corruption":[202],"measures,":[203],"preferential":[204],"trade":[205],"policies":[206],"where":[208],"necessary":[209],"direct":[210],"military":[211],"intervention.":[212],"All":[213],"initiatives":[216],"are":[217],"carefully":[218],"designed":[219],"billion,":[225],"one":[226],"key":[229],"challenges":[230],"facing":[231],"twenty":[236],"first":[237],"century.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":130},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":153},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":219},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":222},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":171},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":155},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":210},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":222},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":198},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":216}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}