{"id":"https://openalex.org/W157404850","doi":null,"title":"Universal Design of Distance Learning","display_name":"Universal Design of Distance Learning","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W157404850","mag":"157404850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:157404850","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-207644338/universal-design-of-distance-learning","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764907355","display_name":"Information technology and disabilities","issn_l":"1073-5127","issn":["1073-5127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information technology and disabilities","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061612924","display_name":"Sheryl E. Burgstahler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-5555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-5555"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheryl Burgstahler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-5555","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061612924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2652,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92185129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.10809999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11514","display_name":"Disability Education and Employment","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-design","display_name":"universal design","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"distance education","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accessibility","display_name":"accessibility","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/students-with-disabilities","display_name":"students with disabilities","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/americans-with-disabilities-act","display_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assistive-technology","display_name":"assistive technology","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-readers","display_name":"screen readers","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-to-speech","display_name":"text-to-speech","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-captioning","display_name":"closed captioning","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-description","display_name":"audio description","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/videoconferencing","display_name":"videoconferencing","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-television","display_name":"interactive television","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.719683825969696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6576573848724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4458846151828766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4451088309288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44276943802833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99527880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781118","display_name":"Universal design","level":2,"score":0.4266257882118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543280262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874342","display_name":"Interactive television","level":2,"score":0.4160116910934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3624092936515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3327377736568451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3058916926383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16533276438713074}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:157404850","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-207644338/universal-design-of-distance-learning","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764907355","display_name":"Information technology and disabilities","issn_l":"1073-5127","issn":["1073-5127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information technology and disabilities","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098516968","https://openalex.org/W2253383199","https://openalex.org/W276507305","https://openalex.org/W7108229216","https://openalex.org/W2121346479","https://openalex.org/W2492015751","https://openalex.org/W2021881828","https://openalex.org/W4233735524","https://openalex.org/W2078119187","https://openalex.org/W2138069984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distance":[0],"learning":[1,79,147,177,203,292,344,452],"has":[2],"been":[3],"around":[4],"for":[5,141,319,366,392,557],"a":[6,39,89,94,99,127,137,145,369,379,390,409,464,472,480,492,506,523],"long":[7],"time.":[8],"For":[9,92],"hundreds":[10],"of":[11,29,34,50,77,84,166,174,185,192,236,263,299,382,386,398,412,441,522],"years":[12],"instructors":[13,188,375,448],"have":[14,243],"taught":[15],"students":[16,51,135,167,186,377,446],"across":[17],"great":[18],"distances":[19],"via":[20],"correspondence":[21],"courses":[22,59,80,178,204],"using":[23,60,107,116],"printed":[24,117],"materials.":[25],"The":[26,230,285,356,384],"early":[27],"days":[28],"television":[30],"witnessed":[31],"the":[32,70,122,172,182,218,269,274,295,303,317,424,487,511,519],"introduction":[33],"televised":[35,545],"courses.":[36,293,453],"Today,":[37,69],"in":[38,88,144,201,282,449],"specially":[40],"equipped":[41,466],"facility,":[42],"an":[43],"instructor":[44,458],"can":[45,199,205,504,561],"teach":[46],"several":[47],"classrooms":[48],"full":[49,183],"brought":[52],"together":[53],"through":[54,334],"interactive":[55],"television.":[56],"Early":[57],"on-line":[58],"electronic":[61,108,572],"mail":[62],"were":[63],"rapidly":[64],"followed":[65],"by":[66,158,261,311,445,501],"Web-based":[67],"instruction.":[68],"lines":[71],"are":[72,86,224,439,540],"blurred":[73],"between":[74],"different":[75],"types":[76,191],"distance":[78,146,159,176,202,291,343,451],"as":[81,337,568],"multiple":[82],"modes":[83],"delivery":[85],"employed":[87],"single":[90],"course.":[91],"example,":[93],"class":[95,102],"library":[96],"could":[97,104,113,125],"be":[98,114,126,206,217,266,272,278,328,562],"Web":[100,514,525],"site;":[101],"discussions":[103],"take":[105],"place":[106],"mail;":[109],"some":[110,190],"course":[111,370],"content":[112],"delivered":[115],"materials":[118,552],"and":[119,121,160,162,187,249,309,362,376,401,414,420,447,471,534,549,576],"television;":[120],"final":[123],"activity":[124],"place-bound":[128],"proctored":[129],"exam.":[130],"Increasing":[131],"access":[132,151,245,360,435,442,555],"to":[133,181,216,221,227,246,252,280,306,330,351,373,416,509],"more":[134,225],"is":[136,371,460],"common":[138],"reason":[139,262],"given":[140],"providing":[142],"instruction":[143],"format.":[148],"However,":[149,294,427],"these":[150,283],"arguments":[152],"usually":[153],"focus":[154],"on":[155,208,486],"people":[156,212,240,353],"separated":[157],"time":[161],"rarely":[163],"include":[164],"consideration":[165],"with":[168,189,197,232,241,354,378,408,467,479,564],"disabilities.":[169,193,355,383],"In":[170],"fact,":[171],"design":[173,364,388],"many":[175],"erects":[179],"barriers":[180,560],"participation":[184,270],"Assuring":[194],"that":[195,239,302,315,368,496],"individuals":[196,258,407],"disabilities":[198,242,415],"participate":[200],"argued":[207],"ethical":[209],"grounds.":[210],"Many":[211],"simply":[213,516],"consider":[214],"it":[215],"right":[219],"thing":[220],"do.":[222],"Others":[223],"responsive":[226],"legal":[228],"mandates.":[229],"Americans":[231],"Disabilities":[233],"Act":[234],"(ADA)":[235],"1990":[237],"requires":[238],"equal":[244],"public":[247],"programs":[248,308,345],"services.":[250],"According":[251],"this":[253,393,476],"law,":[254],"no":[255],"otherwise":[256],"qualified":[257,352],"shall,":[259],"solely":[260],"their":[264,322,348],"disabilities,":[265],"excluded":[267],"from":[268],"in,":[271],"denied":[273],"benefits":[275],"of,":[276],"or":[277,325,457,515],"subjected":[279],"discrimination":[281],"programs.":[284],"ADA":[286,304],"does":[287,431],"not":[288,432],"specifically":[289],"mention":[290],"United":[296],"States":[297],"Department":[298],"Justice":[300],"clarified":[301],"applies":[305],"Internet-based":[307],"services":[310,326],"stating,":[312],"Covered":[313],"entities":[314],"use":[316,418,463,491,505],"Internet":[318],"communications":[320,333],"regarding":[321],"programs,":[323],"goods,":[324],"must":[327,346],"prepared":[329],"offer":[331],"those":[332],"accessible":[335,372],"means":[336],"well":[338],"(ADA":[339],"Accessibility,":[340],"1996).":[341],"Clearly,":[342],"make":[347],"offerings":[349],"available":[350,404],"following":[357],"paragraphs":[358],"discuss":[359],"issues":[361],"present":[363],"considerations":[365],"assuring":[367],"potential":[374],"wide":[380,410],"range":[381,411],"field":[385],"universal":[387],"provides":[389],"framework":[391],"discussion.":[394],"ACCESS":[395],"BARRIERS":[396],"Thousands":[397],"specialized":[399],"hardware":[400],"software":[402,470],"products":[403],"today":[405],"allow":[406],"abilities":[413],"productively":[417],"computing":[419],"networking":[421],"technologies":[422],"(Closing":[423],"Gap,":[425],"2001).":[426],"assistive":[428],"technology":[429],"alone":[430],"remove":[433],"all":[434],"barriers.":[436],"Described":[437],"below":[438],"examples":[440],"challenges":[443,556],"faced":[444],"typical":[450],"Blindness":[454],"A":[455],"student":[456],"who":[459],"blind":[461],"may":[462,490],"computer":[465],"screen":[468,498],"reader":[469],"speech":[473],"synthesizer.":[474],"Basically,":[475],"system":[477],"reads":[478],"synthesized":[481],"voice":[482],"whatever":[483],"text":[484,499,538],"appears":[485],"screen.":[488],"He":[489,503,527],"Braille":[493,570],"refreshable":[494],"display":[495],"prints":[497],"line":[500],"line.":[502],"text-only":[507],"browser":[508],"navigate":[510],"World":[512],"Wide":[513],"turn":[517],"off":[518],"graphics-loading":[520],"feature":[521],"multimedia":[524],"browser.":[526],"cannot":[528],"interpret":[529],"graphics":[530],"(including":[531],"photographs,":[532],"drawing":[533],"image":[535],"maps)":[536],"unless":[537],"alternatives":[539],"provided.":[541],"Printed":[542],"materials,":[543],"videotapes,":[544],"presentations,":[546],"overhead":[547],"transparencies,":[548],"other":[550],"visual":[551],"also":[553],"create":[554],"him.":[558],"These":[559],"overcome":[563],"alternative":[565],"media":[566],"such":[567],"audiotapes,":[569],"printouts,":[571],"text,":[573],"tactile":[574],"drawings,":[575],"aural":[577],"descriptions.":[578],"\u2026":[579]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}