{"id":"https://openalex.org/W157346545","doi":null,"title":"Third \u2013 party punishment: hot or cold?","display_name":"Third \u2013 party punishment: hot or cold?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W157346545","mag":"157346545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:157346545","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.side-isle.it/ocs/viewabstract.php?id=224&cf=2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011416697","display_name":"Stefania Ottone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7569-5404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7569-5404"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Ottone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7569-5404","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061085683","display_name":"EconomEtica","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"EconomEtica","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082325919","display_name":"Peter G. Lewisch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Lewisch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081914209","display_name":"Ferruccio Ponzano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-1386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-1386"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferruccio Ponzano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-1386","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-party-punishment","display_name":"third-party punishment","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altruistic-punishment","display_name":"altruistic punishment","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-riding","display_name":"free-riding","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retributive-justice","display_name":"retributive justice","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods","display_name":"public goods","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-order","display_name":"social order","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-enforcement","display_name":"over-enforcement","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-cooperation","display_name":"conditional cooperation","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-punishment","display_name":"collective punishment","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/costly-punishment","display_name":"costly punishment","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5270400643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.526349663734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4375852644443512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34538424015045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26074907183647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.202178955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1927308440208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1878109574317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.12665754556655884}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:157346545","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.side-isle.it/ocs/viewabstract.php?id=224&cf=2","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W635046190","https://openalex.org/W1541421608","https://openalex.org/W1573675937","https://openalex.org/W1992442661","https://openalex.org/W2138263639","https://openalex.org/W2157228429","https://openalex.org/W3047659332","https://openalex.org/W3122480108","https://openalex.org/W3122867100","https://openalex.org/W3123582015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123683595","https://openalex.org/W3132059310","https://openalex.org/W7172433084","https://openalex.org/W1544712055","https://openalex.org/W4230468699","https://openalex.org/W3125608481","https://openalex.org/W7098082283","https://openalex.org/W7069771986","https://openalex.org/W4386191938","https://openalex.org/W3056745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivation\r\nThe":[0],"role":[1,423,564],"of":[2,11,18,45,65,82,97,162,219,240,254,272,276,290,297,336,363,375,400,412,490,502,545,554,576,582,589,600,649,671,727,752,772,851,859,866,887,894,917,928,938,951,989,1009,1014,1036,1041,1055,1067,1092,1094,1125,1172,1190,1196,1204,1246,1252,1267,1298,1308,1313,1340,1355,1381,1394,1410],"punishment":[3,40,61,99,111,125,163,192,208,223,233,241,292,300,312,365,546,587,888,952,992,1010,1022,1037,1056,1083,1093,1120,1159,1178,1197,1203,1247,1268],"(in":[4,59],"the":[5,9,16,43,63,74,95,137,142,174,217,237,251,273,286,295,317,334,361,378,382,387,393,395,401,410,429,449,455,470,474,492,497,513,516,524,569,574,577,586,590,606,634,636,647,656,658,669,683,690,698,703,719,725,738,758,762,767,770,805,835,842,846,849,854,857,885,898,901,905,910,914,925,932,944,948,955,966,990,994,998,1007,1012,1029,1031,1034,1044,1047,1053,1061,1064,1090,1095,1169,1193,1201,1205,1244,1249,1264,1284,1296,1302,1319,1338,1375,1395,1408,1411],"broad":[6],"sense)":[7],"for":[8,62,70,551,638,646,660,668,787,812,974,1387,1402],"stability":[10],"social":[12,83,220],"order":[13,580],"has":[14,31,107,487,511,715,732,746],"been":[15,108,716,733,777,801],"object":[17],"intense":[19],"economic":[20],"research,":[21],"both":[22,246,548],"analytical":[23],"and":[24,170,214,236,249,354,386,406,426,436,443,457,499,522,550,568,687,735,764,797,903,913,977,1011,1076,1101,1211,1310,1360],"empirical,":[25],"in":[26,42,78,113,136,167,247,301,343,415,473,496,504,547,597,718,757,761,766,781,793,853,892,897,900,904,935,963,970,1105,1117,1123,1142,1188,1280,1306,1311,1318,1327,1378],"recent":[27],"years.":[28],"This":[29,327],"research":[30,280],"shown":[32],"that":[33,53,123,258,485,1001,1052,1157,1317],"individuals":[34],"are":[35,419,441,458,602,1099,1104,1358],"willing":[36],"to":[37,94,110,120,132,173,181,268,284,316,332,460,541,558,605,642,664,693,779,785,845,884,997,1025,1046,1166,1200,1240,1271,1283,1372],"carry":[38,310],"out":[39,311,1051,1156],"even":[41,803],"absence":[44],"any":[46,159],"instrumental":[47],"purpose.":[48],"It":[49,1049],"is":[50,73,242,397,483,531,539,565,596,617,623,630,652,674,709,934,961,1023,1033,1057,1084,1111,1114,1121,1160,1198,1242,1260,1323,1377,1392,1407],"often":[51],"claimed":[52],"such":[54],"an":[55,79,145,259],"\u201caltruistically":[56],"motivated":[57],"punishment\u201d":[58],"particular,":[60,832],"sake":[64],"satisfying":[66],"one\u00b4s":[67],"own":[68],"desire":[69],"retributive":[71,148,160],"justice)":[72],"missing":[75],"\u201cgolden":[76],"headstone\u201d":[77],"encompassing":[80],"explanation":[81],"order.":[84],"The":[85,116,528,730,879,920,1127,1235,1390,1405],"aforementioned":[86,117,274],"literature":[87,118],"has,":[88],"however,":[89],"typically":[90],"confined":[91,172],"its":[92,1026],"analysis":[93,1336],"study":[96,265,333,863,1241],"(altruistic)":[98],"by":[100,155,202,293,313,890,1184],"one":[101,307,323,794,1258],"single":[102,324],"potential":[103,134,183,308,325,341],"punisher.":[104],"Little":[105],"attention":[106],"devoted":[109],"patterns":[112,209],"group":[114,138,302,345,498,506,599,937,1107,1380],"settings.":[115],"seems":[119],"implicitly":[121],"assume":[122],"altruistic":[124,191,222,232,291],"would":[126,140,346,1181],"not":[127,1326],"generate":[128],"spill":[129,178],"over":[130,179],"effects":[131,180],"other":[133,182,591,699,1206],"punishers":[135,184,342],"(as":[139],"be":[141,1182],"case":[143,320],"if":[144,594,1374],"actor":[146],"derives":[147],"utility":[149],"from":[150,556,1043,1301],"seeing":[151],"a":[152,269,344,357,398,422,445,461,505,598,750,782,936,1002,1085,1106,1143,1161,1177,1185,1274,1328,1365,1379],"wrongdoer":[153],"punished":[154],"someone":[156],"else).":[157],"If":[158,1293],"reward":[161],"is,":[164],"as":[165,348,356,954,1151],"assumed,":[166],"fact":[168],"always":[169],"categorically":[171],"punisher":[175,309],"him-/herself,":[176],"no":[177,187,203,1361],"and,":[185],"hence,":[186],"free":[188,229,337],"riding":[189,230],"on":[190,231,585,819,993],"can":[193,266,1363],"occur.":[194],"Once":[195],"we":[196,256,282,519,826,833,862,1088,1154,1164,1238,1294,1315],"relax":[197],"this":[198,279,478,534,824,1073,1132,1180,1291,1321,1385,1400],"\u2013":[199,206,261,264,355,360],"crucial,":[200],"but":[201,930,1325],"means":[204],"self-evident":[205],"limitation,":[207],"become":[210],"much":[211],"more":[212,305,1256],"complex;":[213],"so":[215],"does":[216],"question":[218,359],"order:":[221],"then":[224],"carries":[225],"\u201cpublic":[226],"good":[227,288,1146,1276],"properties\u201d,":[228],"becomes":[234],"possible,":[235],"aggregate":[238],"amount":[239,296,362,648,670],"undetermined,":[243],"possibly":[244],"resulting":[245],"under-":[248],"over-punishment.\r\nGiven":[250],"unclear":[252],"nature":[253,289,1245,1266],"punishment,":[255,353],"trust":[257],"empirical":[260],"namely":[262,339],"experimental":[263,370,372,712,946,967],"contribute":[267],"better":[270],"understanding":[271],"set":[275],"issues.":[277],"In":[278,391,428,448,515,611,633,655,682,831,941,1176,1262],"project,":[281],"want":[283,1165,1239],"clarify":[285],"public":[287,1086,1145,1162,1275],"comparing":[294],"individually":[298],"provided":[299],"settings":[303],"(where":[304],"than":[306,1257],"separate":[314],"choice)":[315],"stand":[318],"alone":[319,1100],"(with":[321],"only":[322,493,796],"punisher).":[326],"approach":[328],"also":[329],"allows":[330],"us":[331],"extent":[335],"riding,":[338],"whether":[340,1168],"behave":[347,1150],"conditional":[349,1152,1173],"cooperators":[350],"when":[351,804,907,931,1060,1097,1102,1255],"providing":[352],"related":[358],"aggregated":[364],"levels":[366],"(under-":[367],"versus":[368],"over-enforcement).\r\n\r\nThe":[369],"design\r\nThe":[371],"design":[373],"consists":[374],"three":[376,895,1309],"treatments:":[377],"High-Cost":[379],"Treatment":[380,384],"(HCT),":[381],"Low-Cost":[383],"(LCT)":[385],"Mixed-Cost":[388],"Treatments":[389],"(MCT).":[390],"all":[392,639,661,1118],"treatments":[394],"tool":[396],"variant":[399],"Third-Party":[402],"Punishment":[403],"Game":[404,472],"(Fehr":[405],"Fischbacher,":[407,978],"2004).":[408],"At":[409,477,573,769],"beginning":[411],"each":[413,416,480,552,612,773,1039,1388,1403],"session":[414,795,810],"treatment":[417,929],"subjects":[418,775],"randomly":[420,566],"assigned":[421,459],"(A,":[424],"B":[425,438],"C).":[427],"first":[430,475,579],"stage":[431],"participant":[432,437,644,666,1362],"A":[433,464,557,645,667,985,1069,1334],"(the":[434,439],"Dictator)":[435],"Receiver)":[440],"paired":[442],"play":[444],"Dictator":[446,471,1045],"Game.":[447],"second":[450],"stage,":[451],"participants":[452,640,662,754,756,896],"C":[453,482,495,510,538,584,593,641,663,701],"enter":[454],"game":[456],"couple":[462],"(Player":[463],"+":[465],"Player":[466],"B)":[467],"who":[468],"played":[469],"stage.":[476],"point":[479,1237],"player":[481,494,509,537,592,695],"informed":[484],"s/he":[486,595],"\u00bd":[488,500],"probability":[489,501],"being":[491,503],"where":[507,1108],"another":[508,1109],"entered":[512],"game.":[514],"latter":[517,921,1320],"case,":[518],"call":[520],"C1":[521,686],"C2":[523,688],"two":[525,1396,1412],"players":[526,583,685,700,1149],"C.":[527],"strategy":[529],"method":[530],"implemented":[532,889],"at":[533,724,1038],"level.":[535],"Each":[536,706,790,809,816],"asked":[540,778],"declare":[542],"her/his":[543],"level":[544,553,588,886,950,1008,1035,1040,1054,1091,1195,1251,1322],"cases":[549],"transfer":[555,837,844,996,1042],"B.":[559],"After":[560],"that,":[561,1116],"their":[562],"effective":[563],"drawn":[567],"relative":[570],"decision":[571],"implemented.":[572],"end":[575,771],"game,":[578],"beliefs":[581],"four":[601,881,922,1191],"elicited":[603],"according":[604],"standard":[607],"procedure.":[608],"treatment,":[613],"A\u2019s":[614],"initial":[615,621,628],"endowment":[616,622,629],"100":[618],"tokens,":[619,651,673],"C\u2019s":[620],"75":[624],"tokens":[625,1299,1357],"while":[626,697,1273],"B\u2019s":[627],"50":[631],"tokens.":[632],"HCT,":[635,759],"cost":[637,659,692,858,912,916,1066],"punish":[643,665,694],"2":[650],"1":[653,675,1373],"token.":[654],"LCT,":[657,899],"3":[672,1222],"token":[676],"-":[677,1220,1223],"footnote":[678,1221,1348],"1.":[679,940],"MCT,":[684],"bear":[689,702,909],"high/low":[691],"A,":[696],"low/high":[704],"cost.":[705],"token\u2019s":[707],"value":[708],"0.10":[710],"Euro.\r\n\r\nThe":[711],"procedure\r\nThe":[713],"experiment":[714,731,806],"run":[717],"Experimental":[720],"Economics":[721],"Laboratory":[722],"(CEEL)":[723],"University":[726],"Trento,":[728],"Italy.":[729],"programmed":[734],"conducted":[736],"with":[737,749,838,943,965],"software":[739],"z-Tree":[740],"(Fischbacher,":[741],"2007).":[742],"Overall,":[743],"8":[744],"sessions":[745],"bee":[747],"run,":[748],"total":[751],"160":[753],"(40":[755],"40":[760],"HCT":[763,902],"80":[765],"MCT).":[768],"session,":[774],"have":[776,800],"fill":[780],"brief":[783],"survey":[784],"check":[786,1167],"socio-demographic":[788],"data.":[789],"subject":[791,817],"participated":[792],"partners\u2019":[798],"identities":[799],"unknown":[802],"was":[807],"over.":[808],"lasted":[811],"about":[813],"60":[814],"minutes.":[815],"earned":[818],"average":[820],"7":[821],"Euros.\r\n\r\nPreliminary":[822],"results\r\nIn":[823],"section":[825],"present":[827],"our":[828,1226],"main":[829],"findings.":[830],"analyse":[834],"Observers\u2019":[836,1194],"respect":[839],"to:":[840],"1)":[841],"Dictators\u2019":[843],"Receivers;":[847],"2)":[848],"number":[850,1297],"Observers":[852,891,1096,1229],"group;":[855],"3)":[856],"punishing.":[860,1068],"Consequently,":[861],"eight":[864],"subgroups":[865,882,923],"punishment:":[867],"LT-alone,":[868],"HT-alone,":[869],"LT-MIX-alone,":[870],"HT-MIX-alone,":[871],"LT-not-alone,":[872],"HT-":[873],"not-alone,":[874,876],"LT-MIX-":[875],"HT-MIX-":[877],"not-alone.":[878],"former":[880],"refer":[883],"groups":[893,1124,1189,1307,1312],"MCT":[906],"they":[908,1098,1103],"low":[911],"high":[915,1065],"punishing":[918],"respectively.":[919],"describe":[924],"same":[926],"series":[927],"Observer":[933,1062,1110,1259,1376],"four.\r\n\r\nResult":[939],"line":[942,964],"existing":[945],"literature,":[947],"Observer\u2019s":[949,991],"decreases":[953],"Dictator\u2019s":[956,995,1303],"transfers":[957,1354],"increase.":[958],"\r\nThis":[959],"result":[960,1074,1133,1279],"perfectly":[962],"evidence":[968],"obtained":[969],"previous":[971],"works":[972],"(see":[973,1331],"instance":[975],"Fehr":[976],"2004;":[979],"Bernhard,":[980],"2005;":[981],"Ottone,":[982],"2005,":[983],"2008).":[984],"random-effects":[986,1070,1128],"Tobit":[987],"regression":[988,1130],"Receiver":[999],"confirms":[1000,1072,1131,1337],"positive":[1003],"relation":[1004],"exists":[1005],"between":[1006],"degree":[1013],"unfairness":[1015],"(AGIVES,":[1016],"p":[1017,1078,1137,1217,1345],"=":[1018,1138],"0.000).\r\n\r\nResult":[1019,1139],"2.":[1020],"Third-party":[1021,1082],"sensitive":[1024],"cost\r\nThe":[1027],"higher":[1028,1122],"cost,":[1030],"lower":[1032,1059,1324],"Receiver.":[1048],"turns":[1050],"significantly":[1058],"bears":[1063],"tobit":[1071,1129],"(HT":[1075],"MXT,":[1077],"<":[1079,1218],"0.05).\r\nResult":[1080],"3.":[1081],"good\r\nIf":[1087],"compare":[1089],"interacting,":[1112],"it":[1113],"clear":[1115],"treatments,":[1119],"three.":[1126],"(ALONE-footnote2-":[1134],",":[1136],"4.":[1140,1349],"As":[1141],"typical":[1144],"scenario,":[1147],"most":[1148,1228],"cooperators\r\nAs":[1153],"found":[1155],"third-party":[1158,1253],"good,":[1163],"well-known":[1170],"pattern":[1171],"cooperation":[1174],"emerges.":[1175],"scenario":[1179,1277],"represented":[1183],"situation":[1186],"where,":[1187],"subjects,":[1192],"correlated":[1199],"expected":[1202],"third":[1207],"party.":[1208],"Visual":[1209],"inspection":[1210],"statistical":[1212,1335],"analyses":[1213],"(Spearman":[1214],"correlation":[1215],"test;":[1216,1344],"0.005)":[1219],"confirm":[1225],"hypothesis:":[1227],"conditionally":[1230],"punish.":[1231],"\r\n\r\nResult":[1233],"5.":[1234],"last":[1236],"how":[1243],"influences":[1248],"final":[1250,1304],"intervention":[1254],"involved.":[1261],"principle,":[1263],"private":[1265],"should":[1269,1278],"lead":[1270],"over-punishment":[1272],"underpunishment":[1281],"due":[1282],"free-riding":[1285],"phenomenon.":[1286],"\r\nOur":[1287],"results":[1288],"partially":[1289],"disconfirm":[1290],"hypothesis.":[1292],"consider":[1295],"subtracted":[1300],"payoff":[1305],"four,":[1314],"observe":[1316],"significant":[1329],"way":[1330],"Figure":[1332],"4).":[1333],"non-significance":[1339],"these":[1341],"differences":[1342],"(Mann-Whitney":[1343],">":[1346],"0.51).\r\n-":[1347],"\r\nFootnotes:\r\n1.":[1351],"Only":[1353],"entire":[1356],"allowed":[1359],"earn":[1364],"negative":[1366],"payoff.\r\n2.":[1367],"Dummy":[1369],"variable":[1370],"equal":[1371],"three\r\n3.":[1382],"We":[1383,1398],"ran":[1384,1399],"test":[1386,1401],"subgroup.":[1389,1404],"H0":[1391,1406],"independence":[1393],"variables.\r\n4.":[1397],"equality":[1409],"variables.":[1413]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}