{"id":"https://openalex.org/W15710418","doi":null,"title":"How Is Metaphysics as a Science Possible?: Kant on the Distinction Between Philosophical and Mathematical Method","display_name":"How Is Metaphysics as a Science Possible?: Kant on the Distinction Between Philosophical and Mathematical Method","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W15710418","mag":"15710418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/59039f01-0e3b-4b87-987e-88a3b3d18fa6","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/59039f01-0e3b-4b87-987e-88a3b3d18fa6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Metaphysics, 49, 235 - 274. Philosophy Education Society, Inc.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023259294","display_name":"Willem Remmelt De Jong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Willem Remmelt De Jong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023259294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90464062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"235","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13712","display_name":"Kantian Philosophy and Modern Interpretations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13712","display_name":"Kantian Philosophy and Modern Interpretations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immanuel-kant","display_name":"Immanuel Kant","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytic-synthetic-distinction","display_name":"analytic-synthetic distinction","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"pure mathematics","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-a-priori","display_name":"synthetic a priori","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcendental-method","display_name":"transcendental method","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolegomena","display_name":"Prolegomena","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michael-friedman","display_name":"Michael Friedman","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exact-sciences","display_name":"exact sciences","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newtonian-natural-philosophy","display_name":"Newtonian natural philosophy","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-concepts-of-the-understanding","display_name":"pure concepts of the understanding","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.9711393713951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.7925755977630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7498996257781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18296254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219","display_name":"Skepticism","level":2,"score":0.6005212664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75306776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632662","display_name":"Successor cardinal","level":2,"score":0.5451381802558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18055760860443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/59039f01-0e3b-4b87-987e-88a3b3d18fa6","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/59039f01-0e3b-4b87-987e-88a3b3d18fa6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Metaphysics, 49, 235 - 274. Philosophy Education Society, Inc.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:15710418","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/DEJHIM-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156100525","display_name":"The Review of Metaphysics","issn_l":"0034-6632","issn":["0034-6632","1549-4853","2154-1302"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324196259","host_organization_name":"Philosophy Education Society Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324196259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Philosophy Education Society Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u0098The \u009creview of metaphysics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519696407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY00398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884365579","https://openalex.org/W7057404507","https://openalex.org/W4408727167","https://openalex.org/W2130526237","https://openalex.org/W4411895526","https://openalex.org/W576502285","https://openalex.org/W2599275676","https://openalex.org/W3207443259","https://openalex.org/W4417501206","https://openalex.org/W2353794101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0],"METAPHYSICS":[1],"AS":[2],"A":[3],"SCIENCE":[4],"AND":[5],"THE":[6],"ANALYTIC-SYNTHETIC":[7],"DISTINCTION.":[8],"In":[9,272],"his":[10,54,87],"important":[11],"study":[12,300],"on":[13,236,284,351],"Kant":[14,52,97,110,291,333,362,475,508,586],"and":[15,188,218,265,384,515],"the":[352],"exact":[17,84,336,454],"sciences,":[18,455],"Michael":[19],"Friedman":[20],"argues":[21],"rather":[22],"convincingly":[23],"that":[24,95,142,171,305,439,486,513,527,578,593,601],"much":[25],"of":[26,60,75,78,86,133,146,158,176,225,228,242,257,289,318,326,340,355,376,398,413,416,426,452,464,473,480,483,487,499,530,547,550,557,564,571,590,594,599,605],"Kant's":[27,125],"philosophical":[28,55],"development":[29],"can":[30,169,533],"be":[31,65,164,186,307,535],"understood,":[32],".":[33,34,35,42,43,517,518],"as":[36,57,135,261,266,312,315,328,371,490,553],"a":[37,44,102,115,136,150,155,167,177,234,240,282,313,329,356,372,407,435,597,631],"continuous":[38],"attempt":[39,194],"to":[40,64,101,113,163,195,293,309,424,446],"construct.":[41],"genuine":[45],"metaphysical":[46],"foundation":[47],"for":[48,118,301,343],"Newtonian":[49],"natural":[50,388],"philosophy.(1)":[51],"started":[53],"career":[56],"an":[58,341,477,554],"adherent":[59],"what":[61],"used":[62],"loosely":[63],"called":[66],"Leibnizian-Wolffian":[67,106],"metaphysics;":[68],"but":[69,627],"he":[70,140],"became":[71],"increasingly":[72],"more":[73],"skeptical":[74],"possibility":[77,325],"reconciling":[79],"this":[80,92,119,147,191,226,299,427,465,500,620],"metaphysics":[81,134,168,304,327,369,415,565],"with":[82,105,152,211,298,448,469,485,592],"sciences":[85,337],"day.":[88],"It":[89,232],"was":[90,629],"largely":[91],"conflict-ridden":[93],"confrontation":[94],"brought":[96],"in":[98,127,190,203,209,359,456,460,561,569,584,625],"end":[100],"radical":[103],"break":[104],"metaphysics.":[107,496],"The":[108,180,410,497,540],"critical":[109],"is":[111,130,233,278,331,368,380,386,502],"out":[112,253,397],"find":[114],"better":[116],"successor":[117],"dogmatic--because":[120],"uncritical--metaphysics.":[121],"Not":[122],"last":[123,462],"among":[124],"concerns":[126],"these":[128,344,393],"matters":[129],"status":[132],"theoretical":[137],"science.":[138,179],"For":[139,459,506],"realises":[141],"very":[144],"nature":[145],"discipline":[148],"presents":[149,476],"thinker":[151],"substantial":[153],"problems;":[154],"great":[156],"deal":[157],"preliminary":[159],"work":[160,283,622],"will":[161,306],"have":[162,294,346,420,494],"done":[165],"before":[166],"appear":[170],"satisfies":[172],"all":[173,392],"demands":[175],"real":[178],"Kritik":[181,277,434,583],"der":[182,612,614,618],"reinen":[183],"Vernunft":[184],"should":[185,542],"viewed":[187],"understood":[189],"context:":[192],"[The]":[193],"alter":[196],"procedure":[198,529],"which":[199,467,585],"has":[200,321],"hitherto":[201],"prevailed":[202],"metaphysics,":[204],"by":[205,215,374,537],"completely":[206,525],"revolutionising":[207],"it":[208,251,628],"accordance":[210],"example":[213],"set":[214],"geometers":[217],"physicists,":[219],"forms":[220],"indeed":[221],"main":[223,400],"purpose":[224],"critique":[227],"pure":[229,381,387],"speculative":[230],"reason.":[231],"treatise":[235],"method,":[238,474],"not":[239,444],"system":[241],"science":[244,330,389],"itself.":[245],"But":[246],"at":[247,279,440,510],"same":[249],"time":[250],"marks":[252],"whole":[255],"plan":[256],"science,":[314],"both":[260],"regards":[262,267],"its":[263,268],"limits":[264],"entire":[269],"internal":[270],"structure.(2)":[271],"other":[273],"words,":[274],"first":[276,441,623],"least":[280],"partly":[281],"methodology":[286],"(or":[287],"logic)":[288],"metaphysics.(3)":[290],"claims":[292],"opened":[295],"way":[297,375],"any":[302],"future":[303],"able":[308],"present":[310],"itself":[311],"subtitle":[317],"Prolegomena":[320,361],"it.":[322],"Where":[323],"concerned,":[332],"assigns":[334],"function":[339],"exemplar;":[342],"disciplines":[345],"long":[347],"been":[348,421],"well":[349],"established":[350],"secure":[353],"path":[354],"science.(4)":[357],"Accordingly,":[358],"explicitly":[363],"addresses":[364],"question":[366],"How":[367,379,385,403],"possible":[370],"science?":[373],"questions":[378,394],"mathematics":[382,484,514,591],"possible?":[383,409],"possible?(5)":[390],"Moreover,":[391],"arise":[395],"directly":[396],"transcendental":[401,429,471],"question:":[402],"are":[404,520,602],"synthetic":[405],"judgments":[406],"priori":[408],"deplorable":[411],"situation":[412],"day":[418],"would":[419,493,566],"entirely":[422],"attributable":[423],"misappraisal":[425],"central":[428],"question.(6)":[430],"Yet":[431],"from":[432,581],"different":[436],"picture":[437],"arises":[438],"glance":[442],"does":[443],"seem":[445],"rhyme":[447],"exemplary":[450],"image":[451],"particular":[457],"mathematics.":[458],"part":[463],"work,":[466],"deals":[468],"doctrine":[472],"extensive":[478],"comparison":[479,501],"method":[482,549,560,589],"philosophy":[488,595],"or,":[489],"case":[492],"it,":[495],"result":[498,568],"somewhat":[503],"surprising,":[504],"however.":[505],"there":[507],"arrives":[509],"conclusion":[512],"philosophy,":[516],".,":[519],"none":[521],"less":[523],"so":[524],"different,":[526],"one":[532],"never":[534],"imitated":[536],"other.(7)":[539],"philosopher":[541],"take":[543],"precisely":[544],"no":[545],"notice":[546],"mathematician":[552],"example.":[555],"Use":[556],"mathematical":[559],"field":[563],"only":[567],"houses":[570],"cards.":[572],"E.":[573],"W.":[574],"Beth":[575],"once":[576],"noted":[577],"chapter":[580],"contrasts":[587],"contains":[596],"number":[598],"passages":[600],"strongly":[603],"reminiscent":[604],"pre-critical":[607],"Untersuchung":[608],"uber":[609],"die":[610],"Deutlichkeit":[611],"Grundsatze":[613],"naturlichen":[615],"Theologie":[616],"und":[617],"Moral;":[619],"little":[621],"appeared":[624],"1764,":[626],"written":[630],"year":[632],"earlier.":[633],"\u2026":[634]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}