{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1565296554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","title":"An Analysis of Gymnastic Performance under Conditions of Practice and Spectator Observation","display_name":"An Analysis of Gymnastic Performance under Conditions of Practice and Spectator Observation","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1565296554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","mag":"1565296554","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4522212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128968821","display_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","issn_l":"0034-5377","issn":["0034-5377","0270-1367","1067-1315","2168-3824","2326-7399","2326-7402","2576-2583","2576-2591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109574869","display_name":"Paul B. Paulus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul B. Paulus","raw_affiliation_strings":["a   Psychology Department , University of Texas ,  Arlington, Arlington ,  Texas ,  USA","Psychology Department , University of Texas , Arlington, Arlington , Texas , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a   Psychology Department , University of Texas ,  Arlington, Arlington ,  Texas ,  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department , University of Texas , Arlington, Arlington , Texas , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079438159","display_name":"William L. Cornelius","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William L. Cornelius","raw_affiliation_strings":["b   Department of Men's Physical Education , North Texas State University ,  Denton ,  Texas ,  USA","Department of Men's Physical Education , North Texas State University , Denton , Texas , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b   Department of Men's Physical Education , North Texas State University ,  Denton ,  Texas ,  USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Men's Physical Education , North Texas State University , Denton , Texas , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69206806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"56","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13936","display_name":"Physical Education and Gymnastics","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gymnastics","display_name":"gymnastics","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audience-effects","display_name":"audience effects","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-anxiety","display_name":"performance anxiety","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-effects","display_name":"practice effects","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-effects","display_name":"warning effects","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-level","display_name":"skill level","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-learning","display_name":"motor learning","score":0.3310000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275793","display_name":"Casual","level":2,"score":0.8758453130722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6515748500823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.619131326675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46461474895477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.45582282543182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4247894287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.32419195771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1533958911895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06466224789619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.05620339512825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006173","descriptor_name":"Gymnastics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012931","descriptor_name":"Social Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1974.10615240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128968821","display_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","issn_l":"0034-5377","issn":["0034-5377","0270-1367","1067-1315","2168-3824","2326-7399","2326-7402","2576-2583","2576-2591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:4522212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4522212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research quarterly","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967452897","https://openalex.org/W1969747860","https://openalex.org/W1986482896","https://openalex.org/W2002297581","https://openalex.org/W2017831600","https://openalex.org/W2019843425","https://openalex.org/W2021989288","https://openalex.org/W2035316745","https://openalex.org/W2072919934","https://openalex.org/W2087093351","https://openalex.org/W2090931458","https://openalex.org/W2148168120","https://openalex.org/W3205595721","https://openalex.org/W4240000450","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300792387","https://openalex.org/W4301382858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019843425","https://openalex.org/W2081582513","https://openalex.org/W2282708501","https://openalex.org/W1710371944","https://openalex.org/W4414162418","https://openalex.org/W2067188328","https://openalex.org/W7058083390","https://openalex.org/W2072928589","https://openalex.org/W2026617161","https://openalex.org/W2161628606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"initially":[1],"practicing":[2],"a":[3,18,51],"gymnastic":[4,19],"routine":[5,26],"in":[6,17,30,45,69,82,95,107,112],"the":[7,25,31,55,79,83,87,98,108,113,134],"presence":[8,32],"of":[9,33,41,47,54,119,127,140],"17":[10,34],"coactors":[11],"and":[12,133,136],"casual":[13],"spectators,":[14],"45":[15],"students":[16,42],"class":[20],"were":[21],"asked":[22],"to":[23,74],"perform":[24,75],"either":[27],"alone":[28],"or":[29],"spectators":[35,48],"from":[36],"another":[37,60],"class.":[38],"One":[39],"group":[40,61],"who":[43],"performed":[44],"front":[46],"was":[49,62,105],"given":[50,63],"prior":[52],"warning":[53,109,115],"impending":[56],"spectator":[57,85],"observation,":[58],"while":[59],"no":[64,114],"such":[65],"warning.":[66],"Although":[67],"subjects":[68,91],"all":[70],"three":[71],"conditions":[72,86],"tended":[73],"more":[76,88],"poorly":[77],"during":[78],"second":[80],"session,":[81],"two":[84],"highly":[89],"skilled":[90,101],"showed":[92],"greater":[93,106],"decrements":[94],"performance":[96],"than":[97,111],"relatively":[99],"less":[100],"subjects.":[102],"This":[103],"effect":[104],"condition":[110],"condition.":[116],"The":[117],"results":[118],"this":[120],"study":[121],"support":[122],"both":[123],"an":[124],"anticipated":[125],"evaluation":[126],"audience":[128],"effects":[129],"(cf.":[130],"Cottrell,":[131],"4)":[132],"Broen":[135],"Storms":[137],"(2)":[138],"modification":[139],"Hull-Spence":[141],"theory.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}