{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1563378562","doi":null,"title":"The Bottom Line on Board Diversity: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Business Rationales for Diversity on Corporate Boards","display_name":"The Bottom Line on Board Diversity: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Business Rationales for Diversity on Corporate Boards","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1563378562","mag":"1563378562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu:fac_pubs-1003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401762","display_name":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056979274","display_name":"Lisa M. Fairfax","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lisa M. Fairfax","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington University\u2028Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University\u2028Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056979274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4752,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84053333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14102","display_name":"Corporate Governance and Law","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-diversity","display_name":"board diversity","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-of-directors","display_name":"board of directors","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commodification","display_name":"commodification","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginalization","display_name":"marginalization","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.8379999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.7944700121879578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57481673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780322","display_name":"Commodification","level":2,"score":0.6344068646430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57252376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896170","display_name":"Business case","level":2,"score":0.6017921566963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5862418413162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.539328932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4702053666114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.4528147578239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3766128420829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23703187704086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1635068655014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.13140758872032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.10886609554290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09159910678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu:fac_pubs-1003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401762","display_name":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.gwu.edu:faculty_publications-1594","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/731","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1594&context=faculty_publications","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196736","display_name":"Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","host_organization_name":"George Washington University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1563378562","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=835406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu:fac_pubs-1003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401762","display_name":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1563378562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1563378562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124250276","https://openalex.org/W3125927942","https://openalex.org/W2268991803","https://openalex.org/W4408294670","https://openalex.org/W2735223284","https://openalex.org/W2161062197","https://openalex.org/W3091730283","https://openalex.org/W4402155246","https://openalex.org/W3029764084","https://openalex.org/W3123690831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47,110],"Bottom":[1],"Line":[2],"on":[3,16,41,123],"Board":[4],"Diversity:":[5],"A":[6],"Cost":[7],"Benefit":[8],"Analysis":[9],"of":[10,44,52,54,77,105,157,165],"the":[11,21,42,50,55,75,81,89,140,155,163],"Business":[12],"Rationales":[13],"for":[14,24,58,121],"Diversity":[15],"Corporate":[17],"Boards":[18],"critically":[19],"examines":[20],"business":[22,56,124,145],"rationales":[23,57,68,94,125,170],"diversity":[25,40,59,132],"in":[26,74,98],"order":[27],"to":[28,37,126,129,136,171],"determine":[29],"whether":[30,66],"they":[31],"can":[32,107],"or":[33],"should":[34],"be":[35,118],"used":[36],"encourage":[38,127],"greater":[39],"boards":[43,79],"major":[45],"corporations.":[46],"Article":[48,90,111],"acknowledges":[49],"validity":[51],"some":[53,99],"within":[60],"corporations":[61,128],"more":[62],"generally,":[63],"but":[64],"questions":[65],"those":[67],"apply":[69],"with":[70,143],"as":[71],"much":[72],"force":[73],"context":[76],"corporate":[78],"and":[80,97,138,151,159,168],"obligations":[82],"board":[83,173],"members":[84],"undertake.":[85],"On":[86],"this":[87],"point,":[88],"concludes":[91,113],"that":[92,114],"such":[93],"promise":[95],"more,":[96,102],"cases":[100],"significantly":[101],"than":[103],"directors":[104],"color":[106],"realistically":[108],"deliver.":[109],"also":[112],"while":[115],"there":[116],"may":[117,161],"practical":[119],"reasons":[120],"relying":[122],"diversify,":[130],"many":[131],"advocates":[133],"have":[134],"failed":[135],"analyze":[137],"appreciate":[139],"costs":[141,156],"associated":[142],"adopting":[144],"rationales.":[146],"In":[147],"fact,":[148],"these":[149],"individual":[150],"societal":[152],"costs,":[153],"including":[154],"marginalization":[158],"commodification,":[160],"outweigh":[162],"benefits":[164],"using":[166],"market":[167],"economic":[169],"justify":[172],"diversity.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
