{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1561845323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","title":"Ownership versus Environment: Why are Public Sector Firms Inefficient?","display_name":"Ownership versus Environment: Why are Public Sector Firms Inefficient?","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1561845323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","mag":"1561845323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048001344","display_name":"Ann P. Bartel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Bartel","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","Columbia Business School - Finance and Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School - Finance and Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015883568","display_name":"Ann Harrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-2432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Harrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.07900000363588333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.05810000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privatization","display_name":"privatization","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-efficiency","display_name":"administrative efficiency","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-ownership","display_name":"corporate ownership","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-enterprises","display_name":"public enterprises","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-performance","display_name":"firm performance","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-environment","display_name":"regulatory environment","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.8429999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.7983942031860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.667651891708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6306442618370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.612982988357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5063825845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.4843481779098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.47135061025619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46771731972694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4656682014465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4652121365070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8505890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605095","display_name":"Budget constraint","level":2,"score":0.4251152575016022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137757676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3477367","display_name":"Business sector","level":2,"score":0.41690027713775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31755685806274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.26989689469337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1523241102695465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.13985013961791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.12689459323883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7043","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7043.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008623064","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7043.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7043.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1561845323","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=157431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3147352214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wdi:papers:1999-257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/39642","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/39642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1561845323.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1561845323.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522605482","https://openalex.org/W1529140338","https://openalex.org/W1564185537","https://openalex.org/W1979795533","https://openalex.org/W1979984511","https://openalex.org/W1998114762","https://openalex.org/W2008658763","https://openalex.org/W2011907999","https://openalex.org/W2024265813","https://openalex.org/W2030132760","https://openalex.org/W2039077859","https://openalex.org/W2084026013","https://openalex.org/W2084411001","https://openalex.org/W2123140473","https://openalex.org/W2131306317","https://openalex.org/W2131969276","https://openalex.org/W2892727371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3151768870","https://openalex.org/W2038906086","https://openalex.org/W2487724344","https://openalex.org/W615666224","https://openalex.org/W2143945860","https://openalex.org/W2014071745","https://openalex.org/W2500853488","https://openalex.org/W3124558491","https://openalex.org/W7098842780","https://openalex.org/W2337354291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,42],"argument":[1],"for":[2,220],"privatizing":[3],"the":[4,14,19,57,63,87,108,113,127,132,139,162,166,221,226,238,242],"corporation,":[5],"of":[6,52,59,89,100,116,126,134,165,235,240],"course,":[7],"is":[8,54,62,119,170,224],"that":[9,97,131,154,157,177,225],"private":[10,186],"owners,":[11],"driven":[12],"by":[13,67,86,129],"profit":[15],"incentive,":[16],"will":[17],"operate":[18],"company":[20],"more":[21,35],"efficiently.\"--Louis":[22],"Uchitelle,":[23],"New":[25,43,79],"York":[26,44,80],"Times,":[27,45],"May":[28],"31,":[29],"1998.\"Few":[30],"privatized":[31,102,117],"companies":[32],"have":[33,104],"become":[34],"efficient":[36],"or":[37,207],"profitable\".--Venyamin":[38],"Sokolov":[39],"on":[40,112,144,161,232],"Russia,":[41],"June":[46],"1,":[47],"1998.Why":[48],"privatize?One":[49],"primary":[50],"objective":[51],"privatization":[53,230],"to":[55,110,184],"enhance":[56],"efficiency":[58,164,227],"public":[60,178],"enterprises.This":[61],"perspective":[64],"put":[65],"forth":[66],"Louis":[68],"Uchitelle":[69],"in":[70,76,149],"an":[71,84],"interview":[72],"with":[73],"Joseph":[74],"Stiglitz":[75],"last":[77,140],"May's":[78],"Times.One":[81],"day":[82],"later,":[83],"editoral":[85],"director":[88],"Russia's":[90,101],"General":[91],"Accounting":[92],"Office":[93],"appeared,":[94],"pointing":[95],"out":[96,137],"very":[98],"few":[99],"firms":[103],"actually":[105],"increased":[106],"efficiency.Clearly,":[107],"evidence":[109,128,223],"date":[111],"superior":[114],"performance":[115],"plants":[118,180],"incomplete.Megginson":[120],"et":[121],"al.(1994)":[122],"conclude":[123],"their":[124,150,185],"review":[125],"stating":[130],"wave":[133],"privatizations":[135],"carried":[136],"over":[138],"decade":[141],"were":[142],"based":[143],"blind":[145],"faith.Laffont":[146],"and":[147,190,195,200,211],"Tirole,":[148],"(1993)":[151],"book,":[152],"echo":[153],"point,":[155],"remarking":[156],"\"the":[158],"empirical":[159],"literature":[160],"relative":[163,183],"two":[167],"ownership":[168],"structures":[169],"itself":[171],"currently":[172],"inconclusive\".Although":[173],"many":[174],"studies":[175,204],"find":[176],"sector":[179,187],"perform":[181],"poorly":[182],"counterparts":[188],"(Boardman":[189],"Vining":[191],"(1989),":[192],"Kikeri,":[193],"Nellis,":[194],"Shirley":[196],"(1992),":[197],"La":[198],"Porta":[199],"Lopez-de-Silanes":[201],"(1997)),":[202],"other":[203],"get":[205],"mixed":[206],"ambigious":[208],"results":[209],"(Funkhouser":[210],"MacAvoy":[212],"(1979),":[213],"Groves,":[214],"Hong,":[215],"McMillan":[216],"andNaughton":[217],"(1994)).One":[218],"explanation":[219],"conflicting":[222],"gains":[228],"from":[229],"depend":[231],"a":[233],"variety":[234],"factors,":[236],"including":[237],"degree":[239],"competition,":[241],"regulatory":[243],"environment,":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}