{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1559147707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","title":"Natural Language Processing","display_name":"Natural Language Processing","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1559147707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","mag":"1559147707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464293","display_name":"Wiley eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2989691982","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science"},"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090002679","display_name":"James F. Allen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-5457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-5457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James F Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090002679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-processing","display_name":"text processing","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"speech processing","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language","display_name":"spoken language","score":0.5009999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6943678259849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5693055391311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5637040138244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.499530553817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.46525081992149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4469199478626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.43986907601356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42714235186576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.37084755301475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1733250916004181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.11423501372337341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10328060388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.060598671436309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464293","display_name":"Wiley eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69093250","https://openalex.org/W132990795","https://openalex.org/W255870965","https://openalex.org/W615227492","https://openalex.org/W1481098625","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W1567078437","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1579838312","https://openalex.org/W1628475528","https://openalex.org/W1680446897","https://openalex.org/W1978347212","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2038248725","https://openalex.org/W2054685590","https://openalex.org/W2057670927","https://openalex.org/W2079690930","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2161160885","https://openalex.org/W2167702024","https://openalex.org/W3124386704","https://openalex.org/W4213123293","https://openalex.org/W4393110351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4393899813","https://openalex.org/W4410561228","https://openalex.org/W2977032038","https://openalex.org/W3013652877","https://openalex.org/W2952879766","https://openalex.org/W4310801723","https://openalex.org/W4389210694","https://openalex.org/W7172114509","https://openalex.org/W4387895513","https://openalex.org/W4400593210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Natural":[1],"language":[2],"processing":[3,14],"is":[4],"a":[5],"field":[6],"that":[7],"explores":[8],"computational":[9],"methods":[10],"for":[11],"interpreting":[12],"and":[13],"natural":[15],"language,":[16],"in":[17],"either":[18],"textual":[19],"or":[20],"spoken":[21],"form.":[22]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}