{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1558069392","doi":null,"title":"Why No Democracy in the Arab Muslim-World? The Importance of Temple Financing","display_name":"Why No Democracy in the Arab Muslim-World? The Importance of Temple Financing","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1558069392","mag":"1558069392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1558069392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1899737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1899737","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040300102","display_name":"Bo Rothstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Rothstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Gothenburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053892042","display_name":"Rasmus Broms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-8198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-8198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasmus Broms","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Gothenburg - Department of Political Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-8198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Gothenburg - Department of Political Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13379","display_name":"Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender","score":0.17409999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13379","display_name":"Multiculturalism, Politics, Migration, Gender","score":0.17409999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.13609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13103","display_name":"Middle East Politics and Society","score":0.12319999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arab-islamic-world","display_name":"Arab-Muslim world","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-democracy","display_name":"religion and democracy","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-foundations","display_name":"private foundations","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-organizations","display_name":"religious organizations","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"representation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonialism","display_name":"colonialism","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.8901997804641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7541190385818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5672016143798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779924","display_name":"Muslim world","level":3,"score":0.5415336489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5263636708259583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.4807034134864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.47409090399742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.46602651476860046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.458747923374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9299846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85502","display_name":"Secularization","level":2,"score":0.4429969787597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.4229777753353119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29220283031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2519594430923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1939789354801178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.14440986514091492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1558069392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1899737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1558069392","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1899737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W211506820","https://openalex.org/W379602626","https://openalex.org/W579898874","https://openalex.org/W603010890","https://openalex.org/W617672205","https://openalex.org/W632754989","https://openalex.org/W646004340","https://openalex.org/W1496232725","https://openalex.org/W1516476691","https://openalex.org/W1577916257","https://openalex.org/W1595099784","https://openalex.org/W1597991763","https://openalex.org/W1606587443","https://openalex.org/W1791266657","https://openalex.org/W1967520320","https://openalex.org/W1984434811","https://openalex.org/W1984813221","https://openalex.org/W1990641921","https://openalex.org/W2022218011","https://openalex.org/W2027609496","https://openalex.org/W2033383665","https://openalex.org/W2037818241","https://openalex.org/W2039408803","https://openalex.org/W2046683799","https://openalex.org/W2071280768","https://openalex.org/W2080318856","https://openalex.org/W2081013654","https://openalex.org/W2083188983","https://openalex.org/W2094623426","https://openalex.org/W2099813532","https://openalex.org/W2104044190","https://openalex.org/W2114260857","https://openalex.org/W2124825646","https://openalex.org/W2143627299","https://openalex.org/W2151172252","https://openalex.org/W2155514655","https://openalex.org/W2155818127","https://openalex.org/W2158457652","https://openalex.org/W2160174358","https://openalex.org/W2315807216","https://openalex.org/W2329083142","https://openalex.org/W2331586848","https://openalex.org/W2342349145","https://openalex.org/W2798575259","https://openalex.org/W3121147769","https://openalex.org/W4385616169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486044557","https://openalex.org/W2098063292","https://openalex.org/W84795683","https://openalex.org/W7133379308","https://openalex.org/W2480018645","https://openalex.org/W1589888564","https://openalex.org/W1967199024","https://openalex.org/W251844867","https://openalex.org/W2017363843","https://openalex.org/W2615329394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19],"absence":[1],"of":[2,17,21,26,47,70,162],"a":[3,12,45,77],"single":[4],"democracy":[5,163],"in":[6,23,89,164],"the":[7,27,68,120,157,160,165],"Arab-Muslim":[8,121,166],"world":[9,28,167],"has":[10,152],"become":[11,51],"\u201cstriking":[13],"anomaly\u201d":[14],"for":[15,80,113,140,159],"scholars":[16],"democratization.":[18],"lack":[20,161],"democratization":[22],"this":[24,81],"part":[25],"cannot":[29],"be":[30],"seen":[31],"as":[32,35,57],"caused":[33],"religion":[34,95,123,151],"such":[36,56],"since":[37],"there":[38],"are":[39],"by":[40,101,133],"now":[41],"several":[42],"states":[43],"with":[44],"majority":[46],"Muslims":[48],"that":[49,83,136,155],"have":[50,72,105,128,137],"democracies.":[52],"Several":[53],"other":[54],"explanations":[55],"values,":[58],"culture,":[59],"economic":[60],"development,":[61],"rulers\u2019":[62],"access":[63],"to":[64],"natural":[65],"resources":[66],"or":[67],"history":[69],"colonialism":[71],"been":[73,106,129,153],"refuted.":[74],"We":[75],"present":[76],"novel":[78],"explanation":[79,158],"puzzle":[82],"is":[84,145,156],"based":[85],"on":[86],"historical":[87],"variations":[88],"\u201ctemple":[90],"financing\u201d.":[91],"In":[92,119],"Northwestern":[93],"Europe,":[94],"and":[96,117,124,142],"also":[97],"secular":[98,126],"services":[99,127],"managed":[100],"local":[102,111,125],"religious":[103],"institutions":[104],"financed":[107,130],"\u201cfrom":[108,131],"below\u201d":[109],"creating":[110],"systems":[112,139],"semi-democratic":[114],"representation,":[115],"transparency":[116],"accountability.":[118,143],"region,":[122],"above\u201d":[132],"private":[134],"foundations":[135],"lacked":[138],"representation":[141],"It":[144],"thus":[146],"not":[147],"religion,":[148],"but":[149],"how":[150],"financed,":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}