{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1556529979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","title":"How to Design a (Good) Epidemiological Observational Study: Epidemiological Research Protocol at a Glance","display_name":"How to Design a (Good) Epidemiological Observational Study: Epidemiological Research Protocol at a Glance","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1556529979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","mag":"1556529979","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24388261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20344/amp.4315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","pdf_url":"https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/4315/3816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147790641","display_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","issn_l":"0870-399X","issn":["0870-399X","1646-0758"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","latindex","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318481","host_organization_name":"Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/4315/3816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025662308","display_name":"In\u00eas Fronteira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-4585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-4585"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ines Fronteira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unidade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica Internacional e Bioestat\u00edstica. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unidade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica Internacional e Bioestat\u00edstica. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025662308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"731","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11555","display_name":"Methodologies in Health Research and Practice","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-protocol-development","display_name":"research protocol design","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-epidemiology","display_name":"observational epidemiology","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-sectional-study","display_name":"cross-sectional study","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-control-study","display_name":"case-control study","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-studies","display_name":"cohort studies","score":0.8090000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.7241743803024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5744994282722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.5342836380004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.427381306886673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3697736859321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3681352436542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.058271318674087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.057770878076553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.056379616260528564}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014956","descriptor_name":"Writing","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016021","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064887","descriptor_name":"Observational Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20344/amp.4315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","pdf_url":"https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/4315/3816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147790641","display_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","issn_l":"0870-399X","issn":["0870-399X","1646-0758"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","latindex","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318481","host_organization_name":"Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24388261","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24388261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta medica portuguesa","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.actamedicaportuguesa.com:article/4315","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/4315","pdf_url":"https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/4315","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"0870-399X","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb6834109e154724964f27596c274bbf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb6834109e154724964f27596c274bbf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa, Vol 26, Iss 6 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2185357736","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/4315/3816","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20344/amp.4315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.4315","pdf_url":"https://actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/4315/3816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147790641","display_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","issn_l":"0870-399X","issn":["0870-399X","1646-0758"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","dongbi-c","latindex","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318481","host_organization_name":"Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ordem dos M\u00e9dicos"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta M\u00e9dica Portuguesa","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1556529979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1556529979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618384980","https://openalex.org/W1545736224","https://openalex.org/W1584545958","https://openalex.org/W1977029487","https://openalex.org/W1998710121","https://openalex.org/W2008931916","https://openalex.org/W2011494524","https://openalex.org/W2059796825","https://openalex.org/W2116810060","https://openalex.org/W2153646932","https://openalex.org/W2165935007","https://openalex.org/W2307997912","https://openalex.org/W2978796458","https://openalex.org/W3023735680","https://openalex.org/W3144239274","https://openalex.org/W3204546608","https://openalex.org/W4292229870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185357736","https://openalex.org/W2952923098","https://openalex.org/W3021607639","https://openalex.org/W2408830095","https://openalex.org/W4230495490","https://openalex.org/W639118616","https://openalex.org/W6940198629","https://openalex.org/W4232229417","https://openalex.org/W7081148434","https://openalex.org/W4239496088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,42],"propose":[4],"a":[5,10,51],"general":[6],"structure":[7],"for":[8,31],"designing":[9],"research":[11,26,52],"protocol":[12,53],"of":[13,24,46,50,71],"an":[14],"observational":[15],"epidemiological":[16],"study.":[17],"We":[18,58],"start":[19],"by":[20],"highlighting":[21],"the":[22,25,47,69],"importance":[23],"protocol,":[27],"namely":[28],"in":[29],"accounting":[30],"some":[32,45,61],"bias":[33],"and":[34,38,75],"guaranteeing":[35],"methodologic":[36],"rigor":[37],"study":[39],"reproductability.":[40],"Next,":[41],"reflect":[43],"on":[44],"essential":[48],"elements":[49],"no":[54],"matter":[55],"its":[56],"objective.":[57],"further":[59],"present":[60],"specific":[62],"issues":[63],"to":[64,68],"be":[65],"included":[66],"according":[67],"type":[70],"study:":[72],"cross-sectional,":[73],"case-control":[74],"cohort.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
