{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1556519956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","title":"The Need for Bilingual Education: Estimates from the 1980 Census","display_name":"The Need for Bilingual Education: Estimates from the 1980 Census","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1556519956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","mag":"1556519956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214434","display_name":"NABE Journal","issn_l":"0885-5072","issn":["0885-5072","0888-1685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NABE Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003621470","display_name":"Dorothy Waggoner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Waggoner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003621470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97692663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-education","display_name":"bilingual education","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-minority-children","display_name":"language minority children","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-proficiency","display_name":"English proficiency","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-language","display_name":"home language","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-readiness","display_name":"school readiness","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-opportunities","display_name":"educational opportunities","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-and-writing-skills","display_name":"reading and writing skills","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-children","display_name":"immigrant children","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.8780692219734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5818148255348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781255760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18354027","display_name":"Limited English proficiency","level":3,"score":0.5245254635810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.4999387264251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49192142486572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.47278428077697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777939226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7976","display_name":"American English","level":2,"score":0.43213385343551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233107","display_name":"Bilingual education","level":2,"score":0.41831329464912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166007726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4536542","display_name":"Language assessment","level":2,"score":0.4164820909500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992677331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"Home language","level":2,"score":0.41369736194610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3207974433898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3130722641944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2760045528411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20494386553764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.20192277431488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.15848341584205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08855072.1984.10668463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210214434","display_name":"NABE Journal","issn_l":"0885-5072","issn":["0885-5072","0888-1685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NABE Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904876939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W244460518","https://openalex.org/W2063365766","https://openalex.org/W7097025663","https://openalex.org/W71729557","https://openalex.org/W2143029615","https://openalex.org/W1941979665","https://openalex.org/W2602610003","https://openalex.org/W190459357","https://openalex.org/W1980045889","https://openalex.org/W2007620398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applying":[0],"findings":[1],"from":[2],"the":[3,11,14,31,49,76,100,138,142,145,151],"1978":[4],"Children\u2019s":[5],"English":[6,32,66,102,120,129],"and":[7,24,59,107,158],"Services":[8],"Study":[9],"to":[10,36,64,70,131,140,149,159],"1980":[12],"Census,":[13],"author":[15,136],"estimates":[16,146],"that":[17,161],"a":[18,111,115],"minimum":[19,112],"of":[20,99,113,153],"3.4":[21],"million":[22,83,116],"children,":[23],"possibly":[25],"many":[26],"more,":[27],"are":[28],"limited":[29],"in":[30,38,75,95,121,133,144,147],"language":[33,103,122,163],"skills":[34],"needed":[35],"succeed":[37,132],"schools":[39],"designed":[40],"for":[41,155],"English-speaking":[42],"majority":[43],"children.":[44],"This":[45],"number":[46],"contrasts":[47],"with":[48],"estimated":[50],"653,000":[51],"children":[52,85,117,165],"who":[53,60,86,92,118],"speak":[54,65,71,87,119],"non-English":[55,88],"languages":[56,89],"at":[57,73,80,90],"home":[58,91],"were":[61],"reported":[62],"not":[63,69],"well":[67],"or":[68,97],"it":[72],"all":[74,162],"Census.":[77],"It":[78,109],"includes":[79,110],"least":[81],"2":[82],"other":[84],"lack":[93,127],"proficiency":[94,130],"one":[96],"more":[98],"school-related":[101],"skills,":[104],"including":[105],"reading":[106],"writing.":[108],"half":[114],"minority":[123,164],"homes":[124],"but":[125],"also":[126],"sufficient":[128],"school.":[134],"The":[135],"emphasizes":[137],"necessity":[139],"understand":[141],"differences":[143],"order":[148],"appreciate":[150],"extent":[152],"need":[154],"special":[156],"programs":[157],"assure":[160],"receive":[166],"an":[167],"equal":[168],"educational":[169],"opportunity.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}