{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1554239286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","title":"Health Insurance Differentials Among Minority Children With Chronic Conditions and the Role of Federal Agencies and Private Foundations in Improving Financial Access","display_name":"Health Insurance Differentials Among Minority Children With Chronic Conditions and the Role of Federal Agencies and Private Foundations in Improving Financial Access","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1554239286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","mag":"1554239286","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8479829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108236890","display_name":"Margaret A. McManus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100381","display_name":"InterMedia","ror":"https://ror.org/011sb7w62","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret A. McManus","raw_affiliation_strings":["McManus Health Policy, Inc., Washington, DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McManus Health Policy, Inc., Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060030625","display_name":"Paul W. Newacheck","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Newacheck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17205705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"5","first_page":"1040","last_page":"1047"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13883","display_name":"Child and Adolescent Health","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance-coverage","display_name":"health insurance coverage","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uninsured-children","display_name":"uninsured children","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-children","display_name":"minority children","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-disease","display_name":"chronic disease","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicaid","display_name":"Medicaid","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-insurance","display_name":"private insurance","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-health-policy","display_name":"federal health policy","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-foundations","display_name":"private foundations","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employer-sponsored-health-insurance","display_name":"employer-sponsored health insurance","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicaid-reimbursement","display_name":"Medicaid reimbursement","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-utilization","display_name":"health care utilization","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776534028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141363","display_name":"Medicaid","level":3,"score":0.9392199516296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7421934604644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.657353937625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.6513381600379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.530109167098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4760422706604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.45444804430007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.440265953540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4306359887123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983635472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334911","display_name":"Health insurance","level":3,"score":0.4242743253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4106561243534088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3534236252307892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.33849018812179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.30515676736831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1494452953338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08555200695991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002662","descriptor_name":"Child Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002669","descriptor_name":"Child Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005381","descriptor_name":"Financing, Organized","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005582","descriptor_name":"Foundations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006077","descriptor_name":"Government Agencies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006302","descriptor_name":"Health Services Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006630","descriptor_name":"Hispanic or Latino","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007348","descriptor_name":"Insurance, Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008484","descriptor_name":"Medicaid","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009035","descriptor_name":"Mothers","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015406","descriptor_name":"Single Parent","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017057","descriptor_name":"Medically Uninsured","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.5.1040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8479829","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8479829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965008765","https://openalex.org/W2415579777","https://openalex.org/W197564909","https://openalex.org/W2019508180","https://openalex.org/W2008682687","https://openalex.org/W7101111271","https://openalex.org/W4403550927","https://openalex.org/W2419159745","https://openalex.org/W2110913101","https://openalex.org/W2311076069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Minorities":[0],"experience":[1],"a":[2,16,25,44,195],"disproportionate":[3],"share":[4],"of":[5,13,32,50,74,90,114,126,131,161,170,174,225,232],"the":[6,48,72,75,88,182,226,230],"financial":[7],"barriers":[8],"resulting":[9],"from":[10,181],"higher":[11],"rates":[12,200],"uninsuredness":[14],"and":[15,30,38,53,58,86,108,129,139,172,188,207,242],"greater":[17],"reliance":[18],"on":[19,147],"Medicaid":[20,97,100,148,167],"vs":[21,168],"private":[22,83],"insurance.":[23],"As":[24],"result,":[26],"health":[27,249],"services":[28],"use":[29],"patterns":[31],"expenditures":[33],"vary":[34],"markedly":[35],"by":[36,166,238],"race":[37],"ethnicity.1,2":[39],"National":[40],"survey":[41],"data":[42,180],"reveal":[43],"rapid":[45],"increase":[46,66],"in":[47,71,82,93,203,229],"number":[49],"uninsured":[51,122],"black":[52,127,171],"Hispanic":[54,132,140,175],"persons":[55,141],"between":[56],"1977":[57],"1987.3":[59],"The":[60],"major":[61],"factors":[62],"contributing":[63],"to":[64,124,145,220,251],"this":[65],"are":[67,235],"(1)":[68],"overall":[69],"growth":[70],"size":[73],"minority":[76],"population,":[77],"especially":[78],"Hispanics;":[79],"(2)":[80],"reductions":[81],"insurance":[84,222,250],"coverage;":[85],"(3)":[87],"lack":[89],"significant":[91],"expansions":[92,102],"public":[94],"programs,":[95],"largely":[96],"(note:":[98],"several":[99],"eligibility":[101],"affecting":[103],"poor":[104],"children":[105,116,128,133,163,176],"occurred":[106],"during":[107],"after":[109],"1987).":[110],"In":[111,158,211],"1987,":[112,159],"14%":[113],"white":[115,156,162,214],"younger":[117],"than":[118,154],"age":[119],"18":[120],"were":[121,142,155,164],"compared":[123],"22%":[125],"33%":[130],"(Cornelius":[134,177],"LJ.":[135,178],"Unpublished":[136,179],"data).":[137],"Black":[138],"more":[143],"likely":[144],"rely":[146],"as":[149,194],"their":[150,252],"primary":[151],"financing":[152,196],"source":[153],"persons.3":[157],"8%":[160],"covered":[165],"38%":[169],"28%":[173],"Agency":[183],"for":[184],"Health":[185],"Care":[186],"Policy":[187],"Research,":[189],"1992.).":[190],"Despite":[191],"Medicaid's":[192],"importance":[193],"source,":[197],"low":[198],"reimbursement":[199],"have":[201,217],"resulted":[202],"inadequate":[204],"provider":[205],"participation":[206],"corresponding":[208],"access":[209,219],"barriers.4,5":[210],"comparison":[212],"with":[213],"persons,":[215],"minorities":[216],"less":[218],"employer-based":[221],"benefits.":[223],"Part":[224],"reason":[227],"lies":[228],"types":[231],"jobs":[233],"that":[234],"disproportionately":[236],"held":[237],"minorities.":[239],"Personal":[240],"service":[241],"agricultural":[243],"employers":[244],"typically":[245],"do":[246],"not":[247],"offer":[248],"employees.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
