{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1553080802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","title":"Credit Constraints and Agricultural Risk for Non\u2010 F arm Enterprises","display_name":"Credit Constraints and Agricultural Risk for Non\u2010 F arm Enterprises","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1553080802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","mag":"1553080802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33443600","display_name":"African Development Review","issn_l":"1017-6772","issn":["1017-6772","1467-8268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044457383","display_name":"Ousman Gajigo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330402449","display_name":"African Development Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqz0k77","country_code":"CI","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330402449"]}],"countries":["CI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ousman Gajigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Principal Economist, Development Research Department, African Development Bank, 15 Avenue de Ghana, Tunis, Tunisia. Tel: +216 7110 3755, e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Principal Economist, Development Research Department, African Development Bank, 15 Avenue de Ghana, Tunis, Tunisia. Tel: +216 7110 3755, e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330402449"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044457383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330402449"],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18623975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"648","last_page":"662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.6782000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.6782000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.1324000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.10220000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-constraints","display_name":"credit constraints","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-farm-enterprises","display_name":"non-farm enterprises","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-risk","display_name":"agricultural risk","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-wealth","display_name":"household wealth","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"investment","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-lending-rates","display_name":"bank lending rates","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihood-diversification","display_name":"livelihood diversification","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gambia","display_name":"Gambia","score":0.7459999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.8234767913818359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6884992718696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.6862205266952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.6083650588989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.6021344661712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5687889456748962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3907155692577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38462838530540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08184796571731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33443600","display_name":"African Development Review","issn_l":"1017-6772","issn":["1017-6772","1467-8268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.6875,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164353904","https://openalex.org/W1499910370","https://openalex.org/W1517542210","https://openalex.org/W1984860354","https://openalex.org/W1999068854","https://openalex.org/W2004985148","https://openalex.org/W2012960499","https://openalex.org/W2035353323","https://openalex.org/W2084489780","https://openalex.org/W2099219408","https://openalex.org/W2116256262","https://openalex.org/W2122747785","https://openalex.org/W2123319051","https://openalex.org/W2124156824","https://openalex.org/W2148561595","https://openalex.org/W2149476479","https://openalex.org/W2166238316","https://openalex.org/W2168031644","https://openalex.org/W2255978857","https://openalex.org/W2318646773","https://openalex.org/W2329106641","https://openalex.org/W3121870670","https://openalex.org/W4210638624","https://openalex.org/W4292508150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2182433645","https://openalex.org/W7018370970","https://openalex.org/W4405130996","https://openalex.org/W2035193457","https://openalex.org/W641246763","https://openalex.org/W2181666351","https://openalex.org/W7033873531","https://openalex.org/W3122925680","https://openalex.org/W7058560966","https://openalex.org/W7065010414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,96],"paper":[2],"uses":[3],"two":[4],"nationally":[5],"representative":[6],"datasets":[7],"collected":[8],"in":[9,13,61,75],"1992":[10],"and":[11,66],"2003":[12],"Gambia":[14],"to":[15,59],"analyse":[16],"small,":[17],"non\u2010farm":[18,30],"enterprises.":[19,31],"The":[20],"results":[21],"reveal":[22],"evidence":[23],"of":[24,41,73,102],"significant":[25,37],"credit":[26,80],"constraint":[27],"among":[28],"these":[29,82],"Specifically,":[32],"household":[33],"wealth":[34],"is":[35],"a":[36],"determinant":[38],"not":[39],"only":[40],"entry":[42],"into":[43],"the":[44,56,69,76,100],"enterprise":[45,94],"sector":[46],"but":[47],"also":[48,85],"determines":[49],"investment":[50],"levels":[51],"conditional":[52],"upon":[53],"entry.":[54],"Furthermore,":[55],"marginal":[57],"returns":[58],"investments":[60],"enterprises":[62,83],"are":[63,84],"very":[64],"high":[65],"significantly":[67],"exceed":[68],"prevailing":[70],"lending":[71],"rates":[72],"banks":[74],"country.":[77],"Besides":[78],"being":[79],"constrained,":[81],"affected":[86],"by":[87],"farm\u2010related":[88],"variables.":[89],"Agricultural":[90],"risk":[91],"adversely":[92],"affects":[93],"investment.":[95],"latter":[97],"result":[98],"underscores":[99],"importance":[101],"livelihood":[103],"diversification.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}