{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1551374950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","title":"Darwin's Hummingbirds","display_name":"Darwin's Hummingbirds","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1551374950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","mag":"1551374950","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1084477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066240238","display_name":"Douglas L. Altshuler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-3617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-3617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas L. Altshuler","raw_affiliation_strings":["D. L. Altshuler is in the Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D. L. Altshuler is in the Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041925933","display_name":"Christopher James Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-9291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-9291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher James Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["C. J. Clark is in the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C. J. Clark is in the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80583343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"300","issue":"5619","first_page":"588","last_page":"589"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.49630001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.49630001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.27730000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.18400000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hummingbirds","display_name":"hummingbirds","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heliconia","display_name":"Heliconia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/island-biogeography","display_name":"island biogeography","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-dimorphism","display_name":"sexual dimorphism","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollination","display_name":"pollination","score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-plant-interactions","display_name":"plant-insect interactions","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesser-antilles","display_name":"Lesser Antilles","score":0.7360000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780610420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43624","display_name":"Hummingbird","level":2,"score":0.8257086277008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6614913940429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6315774321556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204207459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33837","display_name":"Archipelago","level":2,"score":0.5904921293258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.574157178401947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188382862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170430","display_name":"Predation","level":2,"score":0.5425359606742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105083479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181497","display_name":"Sexual dimorphism","level":2,"score":0.5339874625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62142553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200312","display_name":"Convergent evolution","level":4,"score":0.5276259779930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125471540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104021","display_name":"Fauna","level":2,"score":0.5044819116592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140140","display_name":"Mainland","level":2,"score":0.4875578284263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4782354235649109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33009525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208841","display_name":"Coevolution","level":2,"score":0.44619518518447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.2965770363807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.21946686506271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.1853639781475067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001502","descriptor_name":"Beak","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001717","descriptor_name":"Birds","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001717","descriptor_name":"Birds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001824","descriptor_name":"Body Constitution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005247","descriptor_name":"Feeding Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010858","descriptor_name":"Pigmentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012727","descriptor_name":"Sex Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017753","descriptor_name":"Ecosystem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019424","descriptor_name":"Dominica","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019431","descriptor_name":"Saint Lucia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032427","descriptor_name":"Heliconiaceae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035264","descriptor_name":"Flowers","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1084477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12714728","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273839542","https://openalex.org/W1984488170","https://openalex.org/W1986696838","https://openalex.org/W1988735259","https://openalex.org/W2019986746","https://openalex.org/W2054566541","https://openalex.org/W2057170447","https://openalex.org/W2069991507","https://openalex.org/W2098750663","https://openalex.org/W2131256426","https://openalex.org/W2154327289","https://openalex.org/W2161899020","https://openalex.org/W4247830173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005862991","https://openalex.org/W981000625","https://openalex.org/W2083923639","https://openalex.org/W2225118600","https://openalex.org/W2726776738","https://openalex.org/W2120787716","https://openalex.org/W93103658","https://openalex.org/W999645217","https://openalex.org/W1562423067","https://openalex.org/W2075731702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Islands":[0],"[HN1]":[1],"have":[2,67],"had":[3],"a":[4,86,140],"long":[5],"association":[6],"with":[7],"evolutionary":[8],"biology":[9],"ever":[10],"since":[11],"Darwin":[12],"observed":[13],"the":[14,20,45,101,130],"myriad":[15],"variations":[16],"in":[17,116],"species":[18,114],"from":[19,98,149],"Gal\u00e1pagos":[21],"and":[22,25,42,44,65,81,92,120,135],"other":[23],"archipelagos":[24],"used":[26],"them":[27],"to":[28,57,147],"formulate":[29],"his":[30],"theory":[31],"of":[32,39,48,77,89,100,133],"evolution":[33,69,111],"by":[34],"natural":[35],"selection.":[36],"The":[37],"simplicity":[38],"island":[40],"flora":[41],"fauna":[43],"replicate":[46],"series":[47],"study":[49,88,106],"sites":[50],"that":[51,143],"islands":[52,99],"provide":[53],"enable":[54],"contemporary":[55],"biologists":[56],"identify":[58],"how":[59,126],"ecological":[60,127],"processes":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"competition":[64],"predation":[66],"shaped":[68],"within":[70,139],"communities":[71],"(1,":[72],"2).":[73],"On":[74],"page":[75],"630":[76],"this":[78,117],"issue,":[79],"Temeles":[80],"Kress":[82],"(3)":[83],"[HN2]":[84],"present":[85],"comparative":[87],"hummingbirds":[90,119],"[HN3]":[91],"their":[93],"Heliconia":[94],"[HN4]":[95],"food":[96],"plants":[97],"Lesser":[102],"Antilles":[103],"[HN5].":[104],"Their":[105],"provides":[107],"evidence":[108,142],"for":[109],"reciprocal":[110],"(coevolution)":[112],"between":[113],"[HN6],":[115],"case":[118],"Heliconia.":[121],"In":[122],"addition,":[123],"they":[124],"elucidate":[125],"pressures":[128],"shape":[129],"different":[131],"morphologies":[132],"males":[134],"females":[136],"(sexual":[137],"dimorphism)":[138],"species,":[141],"has":[144],"been":[145],"difficult":[146],"obtain":[148],"studies":[150],"on":[151],"mainland":[152],"fauna.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}