{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1549909577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","title":"Defeasible Reasoning","display_name":"Defeasible Reasoning","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1549909577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","mag":"1549909577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reasoning","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W170327897","display_name":"Reasoning"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111544418","display_name":"John L. Pollock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John L. Pollock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111544418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99103943,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"451","last_page":"470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.8672000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.8672000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.12370000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-monotonic-reasoning","display_name":"nonmonotonic reasoning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deductive-validity","display_name":"deductive validity","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justification","display_name":"justification","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"perception","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fallibility","display_name":"fallibility","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-onboarding","display_name":"induction","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeaters","display_name":"defeaters","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemic-justification","display_name":"epistemic justification","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/david-hume","display_name":"David Hume","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization-from-samples","display_name":"generalization from samples","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140843580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840067","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","level":2,"score":0.9203323125839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193856179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251100","display_name":"Defeasible estate","level":2,"score":0.6771852970123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6063459515571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5851916670799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.5403523445129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192906763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3376512","display_name":"Practical reason","level":2,"score":0.4948875308036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992562121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817808","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4466606378555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3990262746810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36826300621032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.35604143142700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33114635944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2888452410697937}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511814273.025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reasoning","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.250.5425","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.250.5425","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/%7Ehorty/courses/readings/pollock-1987-defreasoning.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.93.111","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.93.111","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://oscarhome.soc-sci.arizona.edu/ftp/PAPERS/Defeasible Reasoning-Adler&Rips.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45116878","https://openalex.org/W413133962","https://openalex.org/W594717318","https://openalex.org/W1279140112","https://openalex.org/W1570924480","https://openalex.org/W1588751014","https://openalex.org/W1607082337","https://openalex.org/W1742163221","https://openalex.org/W1974210167","https://openalex.org/W1993512664","https://openalex.org/W1996025628","https://openalex.org/W1996347293","https://openalex.org/W2002135663","https://openalex.org/W2007740709","https://openalex.org/W2020955676","https://openalex.org/W2036900631","https://openalex.org/W2090259450","https://openalex.org/W2102048877","https://openalex.org/W2155322595","https://openalex.org/W2324931303","https://openalex.org/W2327106561","https://openalex.org/W2330674392","https://openalex.org/W2945259913","https://openalex.org/W2998664965","https://openalex.org/W3032363870","https://openalex.org/W3200769217","https://openalex.org/W4236650088","https://openalex.org/W4243806410","https://openalex.org/W4300011412","https://openalex.org/W4396522340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536718957","https://openalex.org/W7128177773","https://openalex.org/W4230082515","https://openalex.org/W2523776031","https://openalex.org/W1497012589","https://openalex.org/W4248125939","https://openalex.org/W2496221643","https://openalex.org/W32948960","https://openalex.org/W4388339113","https://openalex.org/W2484168302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Inadequacy":[1],"of":[2,48,68,71,78,98,177,223],"Deductive":[3],"Reasoning":[4],"There":[5,173],"was":[6,41,188,243],"a":[7,152,209,221],"long":[8],"tradition":[9,24],"in":[10,29],"philosophy":[11],"according":[12],"to":[13,18,26,102,134,147,156,183,198,212],"which":[14],"good":[15,195],"reasoning":[16,49,178,196],"had":[17,197],"be":[19,27,108,157,184,199],"deductively":[20,52],"valid.":[21],"However,":[22],"that":[23,44,90,136,149,164,179,194,227,234,245],"began":[25],"questioned":[28],"the":[30,42,72,91,96,137,162],"1960s,":[31],"and":[32,110,161,225],"is":[33,83,93,117,139,154,174,202,247],"now":[34],"thoroughly":[35],"discredited.":[36],"What":[37],"caused":[38],"its":[39,99],"downfall":[40],"recognition":[43],"many":[45],"familiar":[46],"kinds":[47],"are":[50,62,169,237],"not":[51,248],"valid,":[53],"but":[54,141,186],"clearly":[55],"confer":[56],"justification":[57],"on":[58,95],"their":[59],"conclusions.":[60],"Here":[61],"some":[63,76],"simple":[64],"examples:":[65],"PERCEPTION":[66],"Most":[67],"our":[69],"knowledge":[70],"world":[73],"derives":[74],"from":[75,208],"form":[77],"perception.":[79],"But":[80,104],"clearly,":[81],"perception":[82],"fallible.":[84],"For":[85,217],"instance,":[86],"I":[87],"may":[88,106],"believe":[89],"wall":[92,138],"gray":[94,101,114],"basis":[97],"looking":[100,127],"me.":[103],"it":[105,111,116,130,167,187,246],"actually":[107],"white,":[109],"only":[112],"looks":[113],"because":[115],"dimly":[118],"illuminated.":[119],"In":[120],"this":[121],"example,":[122,218],"my":[123],"evidence":[124,143],"(the":[125],"wall's":[126],"gray)":[128],"makes":[129],"reasonable":[131],"for":[132],"me":[133,146],"conclude":[135],"gray,":[140],"further":[142],"could":[144],"force":[145],"retract":[148],"conclusion.":[150,216],"Such":[151],"conclusion":[153],"said":[155],"justified":[158],"defeasibly":[159],",":[160],"considerations":[163],"would":[165],"make":[166],"unjustified":[168],"defeaters":[170],".":[171],"INDUCTION":[172],"one":[175],"kind":[176],"few":[180],"ever":[181],"supposed":[182],"deductive,":[185],"often":[189],"conveniently":[190],"ignored":[191],"when":[192],"claiming":[193],"deductive.":[200,249],"This":[201],"inductive":[203],"reasoning,":[204],"where":[205],"we":[206],"generalize":[207],"restricted":[210],"sample":[211],"an":[213],"unrestrictedly":[214],"general":[215],"having":[219],"observed":[220],"number":[222],"mammals":[224,236],"noted":[226],"they":[228],"were":[229],"all":[230,235],"warm-blooded,":[231],"biologists":[232],"concluded":[233],"warm-blooded.":[238],"Hume's":[239],"concern":[240],"with":[241],"induction":[242],"just":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}