{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1548540922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","title":"Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting in Rural America","display_name":"Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting in Rural America","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1548540922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","mag":"1548540922","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25066252","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4308581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jrh.12084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69340840","display_name":"The Journal of Rural Health","issn_l":"0890-765X","issn":["0890-765X","1748-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Rural Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4308581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022918810","display_name":"Jessie X. Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5854-1331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5854-1331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jessie X. Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054729972","display_name":"Ming Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-3473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-3473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052658474","display_name":"Lori Kowaleski\u2010Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-7032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-7032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lori Kowaleski\u2010Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022918810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":{"value":4480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4480},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92876165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"176","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-commuting","display_name":"active commuting","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-america","display_name":"rural America","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking-to-work","display_name":"walking to work","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bicycle-commuting","display_name":"bicycle commuting","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociodemographic-correlates","display_name":"sociodemographic correlates","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-environment","display_name":"physical environment","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-density","display_name":"population density","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-greenness","display_name":"vegetation greenness","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximity-to-parks","display_name":"park proximity","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-well-being","display_name":"economic well-being","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-education","display_name":"university education","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-health-promotion","display_name":"rural health promotion","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779465365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380600","display_name":"Rurality","level":3,"score":0.9277788400650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.6576687693595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6522939205169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5928850769996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.5631464123725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4972987473011017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4496743977069855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.42399945855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41050633788108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.37262091040611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3229970932006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20886170864105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1195659339427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001642","descriptor_name":"Bicycling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012424","descriptor_name":"Rural Population","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jrh.12084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69340840","display_name":"The Journal of Rural Health","issn_l":"0890-765X","issn":["0890-765X","1748-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Rural Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25066252","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25066252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4308581","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4308581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Rural Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4308581","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4308581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Rural Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G47809127","display_name":"Neighborhood Built and Social Environment and Physical Activity and Weight Status","funder_award_id":"R01CA140319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69993926","https://openalex.org/W1874403904","https://openalex.org/W1966161378","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1987233492","https://openalex.org/W1993847905","https://openalex.org/W2008785638","https://openalex.org/W2017434136","https://openalex.org/W2018410381","https://openalex.org/W2023874036","https://openalex.org/W2027049690","https://openalex.org/W2057761667","https://openalex.org/W2060523649","https://openalex.org/W2063869975","https://openalex.org/W2073940180","https://openalex.org/W2083640115","https://openalex.org/W2084660600","https://openalex.org/W2095243958","https://openalex.org/W2098748795","https://openalex.org/W2099253226","https://openalex.org/W2100569206","https://openalex.org/W2120149100","https://openalex.org/W2123960988","https://openalex.org/W2126842485","https://openalex.org/W2129983949","https://openalex.org/W2139335805","https://openalex.org/W2143492556","https://openalex.org/W2143696727","https://openalex.org/W2160831154","https://openalex.org/W2162107565","https://openalex.org/W2164105249","https://openalex.org/W2319687508","https://openalex.org/W2333241862","https://openalex.org/W2475458100","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2915157699","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613011074","https://openalex.org/W2095108401","https://openalex.org/W2087715691","https://openalex.org/W2476738420","https://openalex.org/W2567522058","https://openalex.org/W2120149100","https://openalex.org/W2021241559","https://openalex.org/W4388571800","https://openalex.org/W2935912031","https://openalex.org/W2061549197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"This":[1],"research":[2],"investigated":[3],"participation":[4],"rates":[5,37,99,129],"in":[6,20,38,50,100,196,222,238],"3":[7,76],"modes":[8,78],"of":[9,40,125,130,152,215,233],"active":[10],"commuting":[11],"(AC)":[12],"and":[13,16,44,63,69,87,91,106,111,132,167,182,186,212,236],"their":[14],"sociodemographic":[15],"physical":[17,70,199],"environmental":[18,71,200],"correlates":[19],"rural":[21,53,62,66,90,93,101,119,185,188,223],"America.":[22],"METHODS:":[23],"The":[24,96],"2000":[25],"Census":[26],"supplemented":[27],"with":[28,75,117,148,163],"other":[29],"data":[30],"sets":[31],"were":[32,73,103,171,206],"used":[33],"to":[34,48,114,135,169,219,226,229,242],"analyze":[35],"AC":[36,77,98,149,164,180,197,210,221],"percentage":[39,151],"workers":[41],"walking,":[42,109],"biking,":[43,110],"taking":[45],"public":[46,112,133],"transportation":[47,113,134],"work":[49,136],"14,209":[51],"nonmetropolitan":[52],"tracts":[54,102,120],"identified":[55],"by":[56,209,213],"RUCA":[57],"codes,":[58],"including":[59],"4,067":[60],"small":[61,89,118,184],"10,142":[64],"town-micropolitan":[65,92,138,187],"tracts.":[67,139,189],"Sociodemographic":[68,191],"variables":[72],"correlated":[74],"simultaneously":[79],"using":[80],"Seemingly":[81],"Unrelated":[82],"Regression":[83],"for":[84,88,108,178],"nonmetro":[85],"rural,":[86],"separately.":[94],"FINDINGS:":[95],"average":[97],"3.63%,":[104],"0.26%,":[105],"0.56%":[107],"work,":[115],"respectively,":[116],"having":[121],"a":[122,155,239,244],"higher":[123],"rate":[124],"walking":[126],"but":[127,150,165,202],"lower":[128],"biking":[131],"than":[137,198],"In":[140],"general,":[141],"better":[142],"economic":[143],"well-being":[144],"was":[145,154,160],"negatively":[146],"associated":[147,162],"college-educated":[153],"positive":[156],"correlate.":[157],"Population":[158],"density":[159],"positively":[161],"greenness":[166],"proximity":[168],"parks":[170],"negative":[172],"correlates.":[173],"However,":[174],"significant":[175],"differences":[176],"existed":[177],"different":[179],"modes,":[181],"between":[183],"CONCLUSIONS:":[190],"factors":[192,201],"explained":[193],"more":[194],"variance":[195],"the":[203,230,234],"detailed":[204],"relationships":[205],"complex,":[207],"varying":[208],"mode":[211],"degree":[214],"rurality.":[216],"Any":[217],"strategy":[218],"promote":[220],"America":[224],"needs":[225],"be":[227],"sensitive":[228],"population":[231],"size":[232,246],"area":[235],"assessed":[237],"comprehensive":[240],"manner":[241],"avoid":[243],"\"one":[245],"fits":[247],"all\"":[248],"approach.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}