{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1546358064","doi":null,"title":"Laws of the Landscape: How Policies Shape Cities in Europe and America","display_name":"Laws of the Landscape: How Policies Shape Cities in Europe and America","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1546358064","mag":"1546358064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028569305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;scope=site&amp;db=nlebk&amp;db=nlabk&amp;AN=4913","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028858175","display_name":"Pietro S. Nivola","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro S. Nivola","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028858175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.36820000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.36820000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10239","display_name":"Urban Planning and Governance","score":0.3041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.18070000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sprawl","display_name":"urban sprawl","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-policy","display_name":"urban policy","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-growth","display_name":"smart growth","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compact-development","display_name":"compact development","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-cities","display_name":"European cities","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-policy","display_name":"tax policy","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-conservation","display_name":"energy conservation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-subsidies","display_name":"agricultural subsidies","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"public transport","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-governance","display_name":"metropolitan governance","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-regulation","display_name":"federal regulation","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-policy","display_name":"transport policy","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C487182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban sprawl","level":3,"score":0.9405395984649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776081408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091971","display_name":"Suburbanization","level":3,"score":0.8419862389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.803091287612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779152076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320100","display_name":"Smart growth","level":3,"score":0.5496264696121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5256132483482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.45011648535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44572603702545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.3778652548789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.3463776111602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3438994884490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3377639353275299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31744179129600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31130051612854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27629125118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11078619956970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028569305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;scope=site&amp;db=nlebk&amp;db=nlabk&amp;AN=4913","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"},{"id":"mag:1546358064","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.amazon.com/Laws-Landscape-Policies-America-Johnson/dp/0815760817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W589862161","https://openalex.org/W7009967634","https://openalex.org/W3163990570","https://openalex.org/W198506496","https://openalex.org/W1073759884","https://openalex.org/W1967394262","https://openalex.org/W7100585642","https://openalex.org/W7100049188","https://openalex.org/W1576065726","https://openalex.org/W2013339915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"decades,":[1],"concerns":[2],"have":[3,26,63,135],"been":[4,77,82],"raised":[5],"about":[6,47],"the":[7,14,48,57,73,122,165,189,212,217],"consequences":[8],"of":[9,51,59,72,124,168,216],"relentless":[10],"suburban":[11,54,86],"expansion":[12],"in":[13,30,94,118],"United":[15],"States.":[16],"But":[17],"so":[18],"far,":[19],"government":[20,64,74],"programs":[21],"to":[22,89,114,206,208],"control":[23],"urban":[24,126,132,170],"sprawl":[25],"had":[27],"little":[28],"effect":[29],"slowing":[31],"it":[32],"down,":[33],"much":[34,71],"less":[35],"stopping":[36],"it.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"book,":[40],"Pietro":[41],"S.":[42],"Nivola":[43,104,158],"raises":[44],"important":[45],"questions":[46,107],"continued":[49],"suburbanization":[50],"America:":[52],"Is":[53],"growth":[55,87,181],"just":[56],"result":[58],"market":[60],"forces,":[61],"or":[62],"policies":[133],"helped":[66],"induce":[67],"greater":[68],"sprawl?":[69],"How":[70],"intervention":[75],"has":[76,81],"undesirable,":[78],"and":[79,153,183,187,214],"what":[80,92],"beneficial?":[83],"And,":[84],"if":[85,138],"is":[88],"be":[90,98],"controlled,":[91],"changes":[93],"public":[95],"would":[97],"not":[99],"only":[100],"effective,":[101],"but":[102],"practical?":[103],"addresses":[105],"these":[106],"by":[108,198],"comparing":[109],"sprawling":[110],"U.S.":[111,169,203],"metropolitan":[112,184],"areas":[113],"compact":[115],"development":[116],"patterns":[117],"Europe.":[119],"He":[120,196],"contrasts":[121],"effects":[123],"traditional":[125,166],"programs,":[127],"as":[128,130],"well":[129],"accidental":[131],"that":[134],"a":[136,161],"profound":[137],"commonly":[139],"unrecognized":[140],"impact":[141],"on":[142,211],"cities,":[143],"including":[144],"national":[145],"tax":[146],"systems,":[147],"energy":[148],"conservation":[149],"efforts,":[150],"agricultural":[151],"supports,":[152],"protection":[154],"from":[155],"international":[156],"commerce.":[157],"also":[159],"takes":[160],"hard":[162],"look":[163],"at":[164],"solutions":[167],"policy":[171],"agenda":[172],"involving":[173],"core-area":[174],"reconstruction":[175],"projects,":[176],"mass":[177],"transit":[178],"investments,":[179],"smart":[180],"controls,":[182],"organizational":[185],"rearrangements,":[186],"details":[188],"reasons":[190],"why":[191],"they":[192],"often":[193],"don't":[194],"work.":[195],"concludes":[197],"recommending":[199],"reforms":[200],"for":[201],"key":[202],"policies--from":[204],"taxes":[205],"transportation":[207],"federal":[209],"regulations--based":[210],"successes":[213],"failures":[215],"European":[218],"experience.":[219],"Brookings":[220],"Metropolitan":[221],"Series":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
