{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1543671874","doi":null,"title":"Why we can't confirm the pollution haven hypothesis: A model of carbon leakage with agglomeration","display_name":"Why we can't confirm the pollution haven hypothesis: A model of carbon leakage with agglomeration","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1543671874","mag":"1543671874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_8042"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064593247","display_name":"John Feddersen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Feddersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064593247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.336899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-haven-hypothesis","display_name":"pollution haven hypothesis","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-leakage","display_name":"carbon leakage","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agglomeration-economies","display_name":"agglomeration economies","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-economic-geography","display_name":"new economic geography","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-mobility","display_name":"factor mobility","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regulation","display_name":"environmental regulation","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-relocation","display_name":"business relocation","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-taxes","display_name":"pollution taxes","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-pollution","display_name":"global pollution","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-region-model","display_name":"two-region model","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-location","display_name":"industrial location","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131850264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383056","display_name":"Economies of agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.8174523115158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736894","display_name":"Carbon leakage","level":4,"score":0.7977335453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6939270496368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225741","display_name":"Pollution haven hypothesis","level":3,"score":0.6199129223823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778217808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5683658","display_name":"Haven","level":2,"score":0.6151530742645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6036443710327148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.5636430382728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.5472294092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5259024500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.46732062101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985274072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental regulation","level":2,"score":0.4179016649723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.4014299809932709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3755718469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3518754839897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.24799686670303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100405246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8348417","display_name":"Emissions trading","level":3,"score":0.1947915256023407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.1841394305229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.14812228083610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.13502055406570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10485267639160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_8042"},{"id":"mag:1543671874","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2011/Papers/Feddersen.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oxf:wpaper:613","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b12743-3825-4172-8e02-13746ca8c419/files/sz603qx95r","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_8042"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1543671874.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1543671874.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978144122","https://openalex.org/W1979132028","https://openalex.org/W1985821779","https://openalex.org/W1986769726","https://openalex.org/W1992582823","https://openalex.org/W2007513688","https://openalex.org/W2008374426","https://openalex.org/W2017787070","https://openalex.org/W2018267717","https://openalex.org/W2060684396","https://openalex.org/W2071828230","https://openalex.org/W2075904020","https://openalex.org/W2077658857","https://openalex.org/W2085368360","https://openalex.org/W2093926436","https://openalex.org/W2097152042","https://openalex.org/W2105146505","https://openalex.org/W2110320740","https://openalex.org/W2118206778","https://openalex.org/W2119106412","https://openalex.org/W2125481562","https://openalex.org/W2130633870","https://openalex.org/W2134284565","https://openalex.org/W2136959360","https://openalex.org/W2142003868","https://openalex.org/W2146040615","https://openalex.org/W2167086923","https://openalex.org/W2570555068","https://openalex.org/W3021587578","https://openalex.org/W3021588445","https://openalex.org/W3121626577","https://openalex.org/W3121786149","https://openalex.org/W3124847469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625063735","https://openalex.org/W7098179074","https://openalex.org/W7100223905","https://openalex.org/W2097152042","https://openalex.org/W2200105760","https://openalex.org/W4417397627","https://openalex.org/W2058322111","https://openalex.org/W2067202425","https://openalex.org/W3125226717","https://openalex.org/W7098654676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"literature":[1],"on":[2,54],"carbon":[3],"leakage":[4],"has":[5,116],"not":[6,33],"yet":[7],"benefitted":[8],"from":[9],"many":[10],"of":[11,14,26,50,57,109,113],"the":[12,15,48,55,86,99],"insights":[13],"'New":[16],"Economic":[17],"Geography'":[18],"(NEG).":[19],"Most":[20],"studies":[21],"assume":[22],"both":[23],"an":[24],"absence":[25],"agglomeration":[27,87],"forces":[28,88],"and":[29,95,135],"that":[30],"factors":[31],"do":[32],"move":[34],"interregionally.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"develops":[38],"a":[39,77,92,106],"2-region":[40],"NEG":[41],"model":[42],"with":[43],"factor":[44],"mobility":[45],"to":[46,72,76,91,120,146],"study":[47],"impact":[49],"regionally-di\u00a7erentiated":[51],"environmental":[52,114,126],"regulation":[53,127],"location":[56],"polluting":[58,154],"firms.":[59],"There":[60],"are":[61],"three":[62],"main":[63],"results:":[64],"(i)":[65],"trade":[66,83,111],"liberalisation":[67,84],"can":[68],"reduce":[69],"firms":[70,90,144],"incentives":[71],"relocate":[73],"in":[74],"response":[75],"regulatory":[78],"disadvantage;":[79],"this":[80],"arises":[81],"because":[82],"increases":[85],"attracting":[89],"given":[93],"location,":[94],"may":[96,131],"explain":[97],"why":[98],"pollution":[100,151],"haven":[101],"hypothesis":[102],"(PHH),":[103],"which":[104],"is":[105,139],"common":[107],"prediction":[108],"standard":[110],"models":[112],"regulation,":[115],"been":[117],"so":[118],"difficult":[119],"detect":[121],"empirically;":[122],"(ii)":[123],"unilaterally":[124],"tightening":[125],"by":[128,153],"one":[129],"region":[130],"increase":[132],"global":[133],"pollution;":[134],"(iii)":[136],"if":[137],"industry":[138],"dispersed":[140],"between":[141],"regions,":[142],"individual":[143],"respond":[145],"higher":[147],"(lower)":[148],"relative":[149],"domestic":[150],"taxes":[152],"more":[155],"(less).":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
