{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1542528554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","title":"Sanctions, Smuggling, and the Cigarette: The Granting of Iran OFAC Licenses to Big Tobacco","display_name":"Sanctions, Smuggling, and the Cigarette: The Granting of Iran OFAC Licenses to Big Tobacco","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1542528554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","mag":"1542528554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97342212","display_name":"Iranian Studies","issn_l":"0021-0862","issn":["0021-0862","1475-4819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1137/1442","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072739466","display_name":"Esfandyar Batmanghelidj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019658157","display_name":"Masih Daneshvari Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/039mjhc39","country_code":"IR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019658157"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58048189","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034m2b326","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58048189"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["IR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esfandyar Batmanghelidj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS) at Columbia University","Tobacco Prevention & Control Research Center, National Research Institute of TB & Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS) at Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tobacco Prevention & Control Research Center, National Research Institute of TB & Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019658157","https://openalex.org/I58048189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072739466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019658157","https://openalex.org/I58048189","https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"fwci":0.7579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82687259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"3","first_page":"395","last_page":"415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12816","display_name":"Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-industry","display_name":"tobacco industry","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-smuggling","display_name":"tobacco smuggling","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-sanctions-on-iran","display_name":"US sanctions against Iran","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/office-of-foreign-assets-control","display_name":"OFAC","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-taxation","display_name":"tobacco taxation","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-dependence","display_name":"nicotine dependence","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6850842833518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.563972532749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907703","display_name":"Tobacco industry","level":2,"score":0.5629727840423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5326482653617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.4928021728992462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780832096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005010","display_name":"Tobacco control","level":3,"score":0.4823148250579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778302417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159579","display_name":"Excise","level":2,"score":0.4786416292190552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.463419109582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778878205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50851","display_name":"Black market","level":2,"score":0.4407050311565399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121964417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385503","display_name":"Tax revenue","level":2,"score":0.4392847716808319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.4364240765571594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37201446294784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3636631965637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3152112364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21151462197303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.1755264699459076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15316197276115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.13053658604621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1114656925201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09213471412658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2011.637768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97342212","display_name":"Iranian Studies","issn_l":"0021-0862","issn":["0021-0862","1475-4819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:1542528554","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1137/1442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737742028","display_name":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine","issn_l":"2008-7802","issn":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1542528554","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1137/1442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737742028","display_name":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine","issn_l":"2008-7802","issn":["2008-7802","2008-8213"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122421597","https://openalex.org/W1991611425","https://openalex.org/W1994616567","https://openalex.org/W2097689319","https://openalex.org/W2124029889","https://openalex.org/W2136253542","https://openalex.org/W2145376756","https://openalex.org/W2166459798","https://openalex.org/W2184289986","https://openalex.org/W2306188080","https://openalex.org/W2313074108","https://openalex.org/W2317386068","https://openalex.org/W4297975019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W22886442","https://openalex.org/W4391364521","https://openalex.org/W7036871733","https://openalex.org/W2760497244","https://openalex.org/W2306188080","https://openalex.org/W4293267905","https://openalex.org/W4385881996","https://openalex.org/W4388278113","https://openalex.org/W3099546957","https://openalex.org/W4289734423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"seeks":[2],"to":[3,28,58,64,91,104,150,167,184,187],"understand":[4],"the":[5,16,47,50,59,65,77,108,133,145,151,155,168],"political":[6],"economy":[7],"implications":[8],"of":[9,19,24,52,88,110,116,127,135,171,179,192],"nicotine":[10,89],"addiction":[11],"in":[12,69,93],"Iran,":[13],"focusing":[14],"on":[15],"US":[17,56],"Office":[18],"Foreign":[20],"Asset":[21],"Control's":[22],"granting":[23],"Iran":[25,100,119,158],"operations":[26],"licenses":[27,186],"American":[29],"tobacco":[30,34,74,111],"companies.":[31],"Presuming":[32],"that":[33,82,99,176],"taxes,":[35],"levied":[36],"both":[37],"as":[38,130],"import":[39],"duties":[40],"and":[41,76,120,139,144],"ad":[42],"valorem,":[43],"would":[44,61],"financially":[45],"benefit":[46],"Iranian":[48],"government,":[49],"introduction":[51],"a":[53],"highly":[54],"desired":[55],"product":[57],"market":[60],"be":[62,97],"antithetical":[63],"sanctions":[66],"regime":[67],"currently":[68],"place.":[70],"By":[71],"comparing":[72],"Iran's":[73],"industry,":[75],"attendant":[78],"public":[79],"health":[80],"crisis":[81],"has":[83],"arisen":[84],"from":[85,107,154],"high":[86,169],"rates":[87],"addiction,":[90],"conditions":[92],"Turkey,":[94],"it":[95],"can":[96],"demonstrated":[98],"is":[101,122,159,174],"uniquely":[102],"unable":[103],"extract":[105],"revenues":[106],"sale":[109],"products.":[112],"The":[113],"primary":[114],"point":[115],"comparison":[117],"between":[118],"Turkey":[121],"smoking-attributable":[123],"annual":[124],"productivity":[125],"losses":[126],"each":[128],"country,":[129],"estimated":[131],"through":[132],"use":[134],"Smoking-Attributable":[136],"Mortality,":[137],"Morbidity":[138],"Economic":[140],"Costs":[141],"Software":[142],"(SAMMEC)":[143],"available":[146],"related":[147],"literature.":[148],"According":[149],"calculations":[152],"derived":[153],"SAMMEC":[156],"model,":[157],"burdened":[160],"with":[161],"an":[162,177],"astonishing":[163],"economic":[164],"cost":[165],"due":[166],"prevalence":[170],"smokers.":[172],"It":[173],"concluded":[175],"awareness":[178],"this":[180],"condition":[181],"enables":[182],"OFAC":[183],"award":[185],"Big":[188],"Tobacco":[189],"without":[190],"fear":[191],"undermining":[193],"current":[194],"foreign":[195],"policy":[196],"initiatives.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
