{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1542467651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38zx0x","title":"Cheap Drugs at What Price to Innovation: Does the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Hurt Innovation","display_name":"Cheap Drugs at What Price to Innovation: Does the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Hurt Innovation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1542467651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38zx0x","mag":"1542467651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:btlj-1429","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol18/iss3/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID486723_code362060.pdf?abstractid=486723&mirid=1&type=2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088656943","display_name":"Colleen V. Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-6853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-6853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chien, Colleen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University - Department of Management Science & Engineering","Santa Clara University - School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University - Department of Management Science & Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Clara University - School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088656943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9537266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"853","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.41260001063346863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compulsory-licensing","display_name":"compulsory licensing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-patents","display_name":"pharmaceutical patents","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-innovation","display_name":"pharmaceutical innovation","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-protection","display_name":"patent protection","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inventive-activity","display_name":"inventive activity","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medicines","display_name":"access to medicines","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aids-drugs","display_name":"AIDS drugs","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-policy","display_name":"patent policy","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generic-drugs","display_name":"generic drugs","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.660530686378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.6174745559692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5901780128479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.5291864275932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115910719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059844","display_name":"Patent troll","level":4,"score":0.5279102921485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.4496973156929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.43882912397384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3635738492012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.351278692483902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3403284549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3015422224998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984145337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253623","display_name":"Patent law","level":3,"score":0.2258886992931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14983519911766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.14902377128601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1088649332523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:btlj-1429","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol18/iss3/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1542467651","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID486723_code362060.pdf?abstractid=486723&mirid=1&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3123642094","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol18/iss3/3/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203105838","display_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","issn_l":"0885-2715","issn":["0885-2715","1086-3818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38zx0x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38zx0x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38zx0x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1542467651","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID486723_code362060.pdf?abstractid=486723&mirid=1&type=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7017788064","https://openalex.org/W2465149255","https://openalex.org/W3125811413","https://openalex.org/W2979931928","https://openalex.org/W2061627594","https://openalex.org/W7133016686","https://openalex.org/W2462798746","https://openalex.org/W2981884241","https://openalex.org/W2066576427","https://openalex.org/W2288038592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22],"patent":[1,27],"system":[2],"is":[3,115,135],"built":[4],"on":[5,139,144,166],"the":[6,35,42,85,127,140,145,152],"premise":[7],"that":[8,25,126,130,180],"patents":[9,82],"provide":[10],"an":[11],"incentive":[12],"for":[13,159,184],"innovation":[14,31,98,134,178],"by":[15,99,102],"offering":[16],"a":[17,111,175],"limited":[18],"monopoly":[19],"to":[20,48,150,187],"patentees.":[21],"inverse":[23],"assumption":[24],"removing":[26],"protection":[28],"will":[29],"hurt":[30],"has":[32],"largely":[33],"prevented":[34],"widespread":[36],"use":[37,49,146],"of":[38,44,66,71,110,147,154],"compulsory":[39,78,103,148,169],"licensing":[40,131,149],"-":[41],"practice":[43],"allowing":[45],"third":[46],"parties":[47],"patented":[50],"inventions":[51],"without":[52],"patentee":[53],"permission.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56,61,181],"Article,":[57],"I":[58,63,92,142,162],"empirically":[59],"test":[60],"assumption.":[62],"compare":[64],"rates":[65],"patenting":[67],"and":[68,75,87,105,156,179],"other":[69,157],"measures":[70],"inventive":[72],"activity":[73],"before":[74],"after":[76],"six":[77],"licenses":[79,104,170],"over":[80],"drug":[81],"issued":[83],"in":[84,97,174,177],"1980s":[86],"1990s.":[88],"As":[89],"reported":[90],"below,":[91],"observe":[93],"no":[94],"uniform":[95],"decline":[96,176],"companies":[100],"affected":[101],"find":[106],"very":[107],"little":[108],"evidence":[109],"negative":[112],"impact,":[113],"which":[114],"consistent":[116],"with":[117],"earlier":[118],"empirical":[119],"work.":[120],"While":[121],"anecdotal,":[122],"these":[123],"findings":[124],"suggest":[125,163],"blanket":[128],"assertion":[129],"categorically":[132],"harms":[133],"probably":[136],"wrong.":[137],"Based":[138],"data,":[141],"comment":[143],"reduce":[151],"price":[153],"AIDS":[155],"drugs":[158],"developing":[160],"countries.":[161],"that,":[164],"based":[165],"past":[167],"experience,":[168],"need":[171],"not":[172],"result":[173],"policy":[182],"option":[183],"increasing":[185],"access":[186],"medicines":[188],"deserves":[189],"greater":[190],"exploration.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}