{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1542334541","doi":null,"title":"An analysis of mortality trends among refugee populations in Somalia, Sudan, and Thailand.","display_name":"An analysis of mortality trends among refugee populations in Somalia, Sudan, and Thailand.","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1542334541","mag":"1542334541","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3260831","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1447353","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110115451","display_name":"MICHAEL J. TOOLE","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M J Toole","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000263565","display_name":"Ronald J. Waldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-6045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-6045"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R J Waldman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.5787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99436433,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"2","first_page":"237","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14090","display_name":"Health and Conflict Studies","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14090","display_name":"Health and Conflict Studies","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.047600001096725464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-camps","display_name":"refugee camps","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-trends","display_name":"mortality trends","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/under-five-mortality","display_name":"under-five mortality","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-undernutrition","display_name":"child undernutrition","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-respiratory-tract-infections","display_name":"acute respiratory infections","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diarrhoeal-diseases","display_name":"diarrhoeal diseases","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malaria","display_name":"malaria","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measles","display_name":"measles","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-rations","display_name":"rations","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clean-water","display_name":"clean water","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measles-vaccination","display_name":"measles vaccination","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-rehydration-therapy","display_name":"oral rehydration therapy","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somalia","display_name":"Somalia","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sudan","display_name":"Sudan","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thailand","display_name":"Thailand","score":0.9929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776438120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79793","display_name":"Measles","level":3,"score":0.8441250324249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.7921687364578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551997983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12167","display_name":"Malnutrition","level":2,"score":0.6213539838790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5921676158905029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.5830403566360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5663759708404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5447415709495544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5144681930541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.48263320326805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3366830348968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.12527495622634888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.10207945108413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.08388951420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009748","descriptor_name":"Nutrition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012036","descriptor_name":"Refugees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012998","descriptor_name":"Somalia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013397","descriptor_name":"Sudan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013785","descriptor_name":"Thailand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1447353","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2491046","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bull World Health Organ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:3260831","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3260831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1542334541","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3260831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1447353","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2491046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004520404","https://openalex.org/W2008543977","https://openalex.org/W2094202501","https://openalex.org/W4298852371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010535995","https://openalex.org/W36456391","https://openalex.org/W1989113608","https://openalex.org/W2094202501","https://openalex.org/W2093809090","https://openalex.org/W2143518217","https://openalex.org/W2109575186","https://openalex.org/W2097122005","https://openalex.org/W2004971058","https://openalex.org/W2008543977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"review":[1],"of":[2,43,46,55,78,165,171],"mortality":[3,19],"data":[4],"from":[5],"refugee":[6],"camps":[7,48],"in":[8,34,50,85,90,104,125,138,141],"Thailand":[9],"(1979-80),":[10],"Somalia":[11,91],"(1980-85),":[12],"and":[13,58,92,160,185],"Sudan":[14,93],"(1984-85)":[15],"indicates":[16],"that":[17],"crude":[18],"rates":[20,71,100],"(CMRs)":[21],"were":[22,68,109,162],"up":[23],"to":[24,73],"40":[25],"times":[26,121],"higher":[27],"than":[28,123],"those":[29,77,124],"for":[30],"the":[31,35,44,51,56,79,86,105,126,143,163,169],"non-refugee":[32],"populations":[33],"host":[36,80],"countries.":[37],"In":[38],"eastern":[39],"Sudan,":[40,142],"approximately":[41],"5%":[42],"population":[45],"eight":[47],"died":[49],"first":[52],"3":[53],"months":[54],"emergency":[57],"daily":[59],"CMRs":[60],"as":[61,63,110,112],"high":[62,111],"14":[64],"per":[65,114,117,148,151],"10":[66,115,149],"000":[67,116,150],"reported.":[69],"These":[70],"dropped":[72],"values":[74],"comparable":[75],"with":[76],"country":[81],"within":[82],"6":[83],"weeks":[84],"Thai":[87],"camps;":[88],"however,":[89],"this":[94],"process":[95],"took":[96],"12":[97],"months.":[98],"Mortality":[99],"among":[101],"under-5-year":[102],"olds":[103],"early":[106],"phases,":[107],"which":[108,172],"32.6":[113],"day,":[118],"are":[119],"six":[120],"greater":[122],"world's":[127],"least":[128],"developed":[129],"countries":[130],"during":[131],"non-emergency":[132],"times.":[133],"Among":[134],"severely":[135],"undernourished":[136],"children":[137],"one":[139],"camp":[140],"death":[144],"rate":[145],"reached":[146],"114":[147],"day.":[152],"Acute":[153],"respiratory":[154],"infections,":[155],"diarrhoeal":[156],"diseases,":[157],"malaria,":[158],"measles,":[159],"undernutrition":[161],"causes":[164],"most":[166],"reported":[167],"deaths,":[168],"majority":[170],"could":[173],"have":[174],"been":[175],"prevented":[176],"by":[177],"adequate":[178],"food":[179],"rations,":[180],"clean":[181],"water,":[182],"measles":[183],"immunization,":[184],"an":[186],"oral":[187],"rehydration":[188],"programme.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
