{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1534045772","doi":null,"title":"Learning and Sense of Community: A Comparative Analysis of African American and Caucasian Online Graduate Students.","display_name":"Learning and Sense of Community: A Comparative Analysis of African American and Caucasian Online Graduate Students.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1534045772","mag":"1534045772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1534045772","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?q=source%3A%22Journal+of+Negro+Education%22&ff1=pubReports+-+Descriptive&pg=7&id=EJ717468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91843068","display_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","issn_l":"0022-2984","issn":["0022-2984","2167-6437"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315754","host_organization_name":"Howard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Howard University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088655010","display_name":"Alfred P. Rovai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred P. Rovai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085604692","display_name":"Louis B. Gallien","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis B. Gallien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95307899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12345","display_name":"Adult and Continuing Education Topics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-community","display_name":"sense of community","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-students","display_name":"African American students","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caucasian-students","display_name":"Caucasian students","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-education","display_name":"distance education","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-learning-networks","display_name":"asynchronous learning networks","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-graduate-students","display_name":"online graduate students","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-isolation","display_name":"student isolation","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"student engagement","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-motivation","display_name":"student motivation","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-efficacy","display_name":"student self-efficacy","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-satisfaction","display_name":"student satisfaction","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-retention","display_name":"student retention","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5529775023460388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.5036792159080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779942219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451000","display_name":"Sense of community","level":2,"score":0.49297022819519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.47496768832206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4234400987625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.41630712151527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41365504264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.35984885692596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29476186633110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16697773337364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11694654822349548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1534045772","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?q=source%3A%22Journal+of+Negro+Education%22&ff1=pubReports+-+Descriptive&pg=7&id=EJ717468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91843068","display_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","issn_l":"0022-2984","issn":["0022-2984","2167-6437"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315754","host_organization_name":"Howard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Howard University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182194750","https://openalex.org/W614550132","https://openalex.org/W615125084","https://openalex.org/W623072650","https://openalex.org/W1583635850","https://openalex.org/W1939058787","https://openalex.org/W1972677302","https://openalex.org/W1976375825","https://openalex.org/W1979165053","https://openalex.org/W2016751155","https://openalex.org/W2036602875","https://openalex.org/W2086914398","https://openalex.org/W2087812817","https://openalex.org/W2094429259","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2131598193","https://openalex.org/W2154273558","https://openalex.org/W2164599981","https://openalex.org/W2333716987","https://openalex.org/W2945424237","https://openalex.org/W3193090844","https://openalex.org/W4312385726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923350215","https://openalex.org/W2612259390","https://openalex.org/W2088744788","https://openalex.org/W2007566733","https://openalex.org/W2098930093","https://openalex.org/W137796615","https://openalex.org/W1825963584","https://openalex.org/W7095805319","https://openalex.org/W2497902902","https://openalex.org/W3005716432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,147,373],"study":[1],"addressed":[2],"how":[3],"four":[4,69,110],"variables":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,126,176,178,180,245,260,300,315,354,361,396,417,426,432,435,459,588,600],"operationalize":[8],"learning":[9,291,346,402,449,460,466,486,505,562],"and":[10,18,51,83,123,141,209,231,233,269,294,319,347,369,385,445,471,503,540,546,554,566,569],"sense":[11,264,323,348,578,590],"of":[12,34,59,80,120,139,151,186,227,240,265,272,288,324,342,349,351,364,388,392,477,482,500,511,536,551,579,591],"community":[13,325,350,592],"differed":[14],"between":[15,292],"African":[16,39,49,61,76,97,352,398],"American":[17,40,50,77,98],"Caucasian":[19,52,85,357],"students":[20,41,86,99,169,228,242,296,585],"enrolled":[21],"in":[22,43,46,87,100,221,247,257,290,326,345,400,453,542,606],"an":[23,340],"online":[24,189,371],"graduate":[25],"course.":[26],"Participants":[27],"(N":[28],"=":[29],"97)":[30],"from":[31],"two":[32],"sections":[33],"the":[35,44,47,55,68,73,75,81,84,88,96,101,136,236,281,301,343,362,379,386,389,420,509,518,537,589,602],"course":[36,82],"were":[37,42],"sampled.":[38],"minority":[45,394],"mixed":[48,89,102],"section,":[53],"while":[54,95],"other":[56,241],"section":[57,79,90,103],"consisted":[58],"only":[60,78],"Americans.":[62],"The":[63,133],"results":[64],"revealed":[65],"that":[66,224,285,309,461,472,491,504,584,593],"on":[67,106,108,312],"outcomes":[70],"measured":[71],"by":[72,153,383,423,514,520],"study,":[74],"represented":[91],"a":[92,117,165,187,195,198,201,205,262,321,338,451,468,526,534,576,608],"homogeneous":[93],"subset,":[94],"scored":[104],"lower,":[105],"average,":[107],"all":[109,492],"variables.":[111],"INTRODUCTION":[112],"Distance":[113],"education":[114,220,277,332],"is":[115,135,359,375,415,506,517,530,575],"already":[116],"pervasive":[118],"element":[119],"higher":[121,219,331],"education,":[122],"it":[124,516,544],"continues":[125],"rapidly":[127],"expand":[128],"(Walts":[129],"&":[130,558],"Lewis,":[131],"2003).":[132],"Internet":[134],"favorite":[137],"medium":[138],"colleges":[140],"universities":[142],"for":[143,168],"delivering":[144],"such":[145],"courses.":[146],"anytime,":[148],"anywhere":[149],"delivery":[150],"courses":[152],"computer":[154,210],"networks,":[155],"known":[156],"as":[157,450,498,533],"Asynchronous":[158],"Learning":[159,529],"Networks,":[160],"or":[161,173,456,465],"ALNs,":[162],"has":[163,278,563],"become":[164],"viable":[166],"alternative":[167],"who":[170,251],"either":[171],"cannot":[172],"choose":[174],"not":[175,255,507],"travel":[177],"campuses":[179],"attend":[181],"traditional":[182,293,401],"class":[183],"meetings.":[184],"Characteristics":[185],"successful,":[188],"student":[190,248],"include":[191,397],"being":[192],"self-motivated,":[193],"independent,":[194],"self-directed":[196],"learner,":[197],"critical":[199,604],"thinker,":[200],"good":[202],"time":[203],"manager,":[204],"highly":[206],"organized":[207],"individual,":[208],"literate":[211],"(Irizarry,":[212],"2002).":[213],"Additionally,":[214],"Tinto":[215],"(1993),":[216],"writing":[217],"about":[218],"general,":[222],"argued":[223,490],"insufficient":[225],"interactions":[226,502],"with":[229,235],"peers":[230],"faculty":[232],"differences":[234,289,344],"prevailing":[237],"value":[238],"patterns":[239],"are":[243,258,270,297,334,523],"likely":[244,259],"result":[246],"anxiety.":[249],"Students":[250],"feel":[252,267],"they":[253],"do":[254],"fit":[256],"have":[261,305,310],"low":[263],"community,":[266],"isolated,":[268],"at-risk":[271],"becoming":[273],"dropouts.":[274],"Since":[275,329],"distance":[276],"burgeoned":[279],"over":[280],"past":[282],"decade,":[283],"studies":[284,308],"explore":[286],"issues":[287],"non-traditional":[295],"now":[298,335],"coming":[299],"forefront.":[302],"However,":[303],"there":[304,574],"been":[306],"few":[307],"centered":[311],"race-related":[313],"impediments":[314],"achieving":[316],"academic":[317,390],"success":[318],"generating":[320],"strong":[322,577],"ALN":[327,427],"environments.":[328,487],"many":[330,393],"programs":[333,428],"delivered":[336],"at":[337],"distance,":[339],"examination":[341],"Americans":[353],"their":[355,596],"majority":[356],"counterparts":[358],"relevant":[360,377],"goal":[363,374],"providing":[365],"culturally":[366],"responsive,":[367],"fair,":[368],"equitable":[370],"learning.":[372],"particularly":[376],"given":[378],"problem":[380],"widely":[381],"reported":[382,583],"researchers":[384],"media":[387],"underperformance":[391],"students,":[395],"Americans,":[399],"environments":[403],"(e.g.,":[404],"Allen,":[405],"1988,":[406],"1992;":[407],"Boykin,":[408],"1986;":[409],"Hammer,":[410],"2003;":[411],"Kozol,":[412],"1991).":[413],"Research":[414],"required":[416],"determine":[418],"if":[419,430],"achievement":[421],"gap":[422],"race":[424],"extends":[425],"and,":[429],"so,":[431],"identify":[433],"ways":[434],"help":[436],"close":[437],"this":[438],"gap.":[439],"REVIEW":[440],"OF":[441],"LITERATURE":[442],"Snowman,":[443],"Biehler,":[444],"Bonk":[446],"(2000)":[447],"defined":[448],"change":[452],"one's":[454],"capability":[455],"knowledge.":[457],"Approaches":[458],"promote":[462],"social":[463,469,501,552,565],"constructivism,":[464],"within":[467,595],"context,":[470,539],"feature":[473],"active":[474],"group":[475],"construction":[476],"knowledge,":[478,483],"rather":[479],"than":[480],"transfer":[481],"provide":[484],"ideal":[485],"Vygotsky":[488],"(1978)":[489],"cognitive":[493,567],"functions":[494],"must":[495,548],"be":[496],"explained":[497],"products":[499],"simply":[508],"accumulation":[510],"new":[512],"knowledge":[513,527],"learners;":[515],"process":[519],"which":[521,543],"learners":[522],"integrated":[524],"into":[525],"community.":[528,580],"therefore":[531],"viewed":[532],"function":[535],"activity,":[538],"culture":[541],"occurs,":[545],"cognition":[547],"take":[549],"account":[550],"interaction":[553],"work":[555],"(Brown,":[556],"Collins,":[557],"Duguid,":[559],"1989).":[560],"Consequently,":[561],"important":[564],"dimensions":[568],"occurs":[570],"most":[571,603],"effectively":[572],"when":[573,598],"Brookfield":[581],"(1990)":[582],"often":[586],"pointed":[587],"existed":[594],"classes":[597],"asked":[599],"name":[601],"factor":[605],"surviving":[607],"challenging":[609],"educational":[610],"experience.":[611],"\u2026":[612]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}