{"id":"https://openalex.org/W153083519","doi":null,"title":"The glycaemic index of muffins baked with extruded dried bean flour compared to muffins baked with whole wheat flour","display_name":"The glycaemic index of muffins baked with extruded dried bean flour compared to muffins baked with whole wheat flour","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W153083519","mag":"153083519"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/347","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043599900","display_name":"Jacqueline Gouws","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacqueline Gouws","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043599900"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10140","display_name":"Food composition and properties","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10140","display_name":"Food composition and properties","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14127","display_name":"Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12403","display_name":"Seed and Plant Biochemistry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-index","display_name":"glycemic index","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muffins","display_name":"muffins","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-wheat-flour","display_name":"whole wheat flour","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion-cooking","display_name":"extrusion cooking","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-beans","display_name":"dry beans","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistant-starch","display_name":"resistant starch","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"particle size","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breakfast-foods","display_name":"breakfast foods","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-diet","display_name":"diabetic diet","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.7867661714553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017484543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273924","display_name":"Glycaemic index","level":5,"score":0.6346503496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019985465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249305","display_name":"Wheat flour","level":2,"score":0.4503726065158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3647152781486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2279169261455536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.12837043404579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776652674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273924","display_name":"Glycemic index","level":4,"score":0.10633289813995361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09470835328102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/347","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:153083519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/347?show=full","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.8409000039100647,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7246000170707703,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83079173","https://openalex.org/W100994105","https://openalex.org/W157679296","https://openalex.org/W158935176","https://openalex.org/W169234085","https://openalex.org/W204147199","https://openalex.org/W1522695491","https://openalex.org/W1546601342","https://openalex.org/W1563371093","https://openalex.org/W1771578256","https://openalex.org/W1806494436","https://openalex.org/W1828892665","https://openalex.org/W1850897343","https://openalex.org/W1880074135","https://openalex.org/W1913001854","https://openalex.org/W1919632748","https://openalex.org/W1921451247","https://openalex.org/W1925797151","https://openalex.org/W1935646974","https://openalex.org/W1957265225","https://openalex.org/W1959809528","https://openalex.org/W1962752397","https://openalex.org/W1967887315","https://openalex.org/W1970680911","https://openalex.org/W1971419387","https://openalex.org/W1972083194","https://openalex.org/W1973545623","https://openalex.org/W1977109526","https://openalex.org/W1985505691","https://openalex.org/W1986645327","https://openalex.org/W1989547054","https://openalex.org/W2018857145","https://openalex.org/W2025620264","https://openalex.org/W2027794774","https://openalex.org/W2029238739","https://openalex.org/W2033352867","https://openalex.org/W2039648083","https://openalex.org/W2043467403","https://openalex.org/W2052257773","https://openalex.org/W2055819249","https://openalex.org/W2060423442","https://openalex.org/W2062154829","https://openalex.org/W2067968897","https://openalex.org/W2069319172","https://openalex.org/W2074040897","https://openalex.org/W2074150002","https://openalex.org/W2079876002","https://openalex.org/W2082028989","https://openalex.org/W2091252156","https://openalex.org/W2096832154","https://openalex.org/W2097365404","https://openalex.org/W2097392646","https://openalex.org/W2102928953","https://openalex.org/W2107009694","https://openalex.org/W2108375760","https://openalex.org/W2110724203","https://openalex.org/W2111536024","https://openalex.org/W2111705054","https://openalex.org/W2121593233","https://openalex.org/W2127908854","https://openalex.org/W2128186220","https://openalex.org/W2129075998","https://openalex.org/W2129213331","https://openalex.org/W2129975121","https://openalex.org/W2131312785","https://openalex.org/W2131606578","https://openalex.org/W2133551116","https://openalex.org/W2134560134","https://openalex.org/W2138303269","https://openalex.org/W2142340057","https://openalex.org/W2143076728","https://openalex.org/W2143876306","https://openalex.org/W2144085484","https://openalex.org/W2144832958","https://openalex.org/W2148537402","https://openalex.org/W2150297366","https://openalex.org/W2152149748","https://openalex.org/W2158904548","https://openalex.org/W2169073470","https://openalex.org/W2181277713","https://openalex.org/W2185233524","https://openalex.org/W2187233631","https://openalex.org/W2266196967","https://openalex.org/W2275897109","https://openalex.org/W2317147771","https://openalex.org/W2398395175","https://openalex.org/W2401184250","https://openalex.org/W2411723754","https://openalex.org/W2412789885","https://openalex.org/W2417705082","https://openalex.org/W2498681742","https://openalex.org/W2518713699","https://openalex.org/W3141997415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7010409513","https://openalex.org/W2741751160","https://openalex.org/W2598477260","https://openalex.org/W2138348338","https://openalex.org/W3004972652","https://openalex.org/W2121815159","https://openalex.org/W3091935735","https://openalex.org/W3006733842","https://openalex.org/W3014720770","https://openalex.org/W3168507751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Emphasis":[1],"on":[2,212],"using":[3],"the":[4,27,34,39,42,52,87,100,106,115,121,143,146,158,172,225,232,253,265,289,297,304,312,318,322,325,353,365],"glycaemic":[5,43,331],"index":[6],"(GI)":[7],"in":[8,86,120,264,277,364],"addition":[9],"to":[10,16,24,45,156,171,267,311,330],"carbohydrate":[11,221],"exchange":[12],"lists":[13],"has":[14,96],"led":[15],"a":[17,64,70,111,161,175,278],"greater":[18],"variety":[19],"of":[20,38,54,99,117,145,152,160,174,189,202,231,252,273,296,303,317,324,352],"foods":[21],"from":[22,250],"which":[23,286],"choose":[25],"for":[26,114,136,347],"diabetic":[28],"population.":[29],"Breakfast":[30],"is":[31,148,327],"regarded":[32,342],"as":[33,77,222,343,350],"most":[35,57],"important":[36],"meal":[37,217,339],"day":[40],"and":[41,61,73,79,130,139,168,183,193,208,349,361],"response":[44],"lunch":[46],"can":[47],"be":[48,132],"improved":[49],"by":[50,105,126,224],"decreasing":[51],"GI":[53,72,82,89,144,159,173,230,269,316],"breakfast.":[55],"However,":[56],"conventional":[58],"breakfast":[59,137,348],"cereals":[60,138],"bread":[62],"exhibit":[63],"high":[65],"GI.":[66],"Dried":[67],"beans":[68,119,275],"have":[69,309,357],"low":[71,88,266,291],"various":[74],"processes":[75,103],"such":[76],"cooking":[78,95],"canning":[80],"increase":[81],"values,":[83],"but":[84,262],"still":[85,263],"range.":[90],"In":[91],"recent":[92],"years,":[93],"extrusion":[94],"become":[97],"one":[98],"popular":[101],"new":[102],"developed":[104],"food":[107],"industry.":[108],"Extrusion":[109,272],"provides":[110],"convenient":[112],"alternative":[113,135],"ingestion":[116],"dry":[118],"diet.":[122,355],"Muffins":[123,333],"are":[124,340,362],"eaten":[125],"many":[127],"South":[128,366],"Africans":[129],"may":[131,287],"an":[133,344],"ideal":[134],"bread,":[140],"especially":[141],"if":[142],"muffins":[147,207,211],"low.":[149],"The":[150,185,229,299],"aim":[151],"this":[153],"study":[154,186],"was":[155,246],"determine":[157],"muffin":[162,176,233,256,320],"baked":[163,177,234,334],"with":[164,178,235,281,335],"extruded":[165,236,336],"bean":[166,206,237,319,338],"flour":[167,238,280,306],"compare":[169],"it":[170],"whole":[179,209,254],"wheat":[180,210,255],"flour.":[181],"Subjects":[182,197],"methodology:":[184],"cohort":[187],"consisted":[188],"ten":[190,194],"healthy":[191,195],"males":[192],"females.":[196],"randomly":[198],"consumed":[199],"test":[200,216],"meals":[201],"glucose":[203],"(the":[204],"reference),":[205],"different":[213,249],"days.":[214],"Each":[215],"provided":[218],"509":[219],"available":[220],"analysed":[223],"Englyst":[226],"method.":[227],"Results:":[228],"(mean":[239,257],"53.0%,":[240],"Confidence":[241],"intervals":[242],"(CI):":[243],"41.7;":[244],"64.2)":[245],"not":[247],"significantly":[248],"that":[251],"55.5%,":[258],"CI:":[259],"41.8;":[260],"69.2)":[261],"intermediate":[268],"category.":[270],"Conclusion:":[271],"dried":[274,337],"results":[276],"fine":[279,305],"relatively":[282],"no":[283],"intact":[284],"starch":[285,293],"explain":[288],"very":[290],"resistant":[292],"content":[294],"(1.6I100g)":[295],"muffins.":[298],"small":[300],"particle":[301,326],"size":[302,323],"could":[307],"further":[308],"contributed":[310],"higher":[313],"than":[314],"expected":[315],"because":[321],"inversely":[328],"related":[329],"response.":[332],"nevertheless":[341],"excellent":[345],"choice":[346],"part":[351],"prudent":[354],"Beans":[356],"additional":[358],"health":[359],"benefits":[360],"included":[363],"African":[367],"Food":[368],"Based":[369],"Dietary":[370],"Guidelines.":[371]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}