{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1530188657","doi":null,"title":"The first use of bone tools: a reappraisal of the evidence from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania","display_name":"The first use of bone tools: a reappraisal of the evidence from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1530188657","mag":"1530188657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/13318","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net10539/13318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089036054","display_name":"Lucinda Backwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-3353","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-3353"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucinda Backwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palaeo-Anthropology Unit for Research and Exploration, School of Earth Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-3353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palaeo-Anthropology Unit for Research and Exploration, School of Earth Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081630101","display_name":"Francesco d\u2019Errico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-3079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-3079","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-4513"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120753","display_name":"De la Pr\u00e9histoire \u00e0 l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie","ror":"https://ror.org/027mnq498","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I15057530","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210102700","https://openalex.org/I4210107625","https://openalex.org/I4210120753","https://openalex.org/I4210155116"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco d\u2019Errico","raw_affiliation_strings":["De la Pr\u00e9histoire \u00e0 l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-3079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"De la Pr\u00e9histoire \u00e0 l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6381,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88892294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":null,"first_page":"95","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13256","display_name":"Archaeology and Rock Art Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-tools","display_name":"bone tools","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olduvai-gorge","display_name":"Olduvai Gorge","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-hominins","display_name":"early hominins","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-wear-analysis","display_name":"use-wear analysis","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flint-knapping","display_name":"flint knapping","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taphonomy","display_name":"taphonomy","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cut-marks","display_name":"cut marks","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anvil","display_name":"AnVIL","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hammer","display_name":"hammer","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithic-artifacts","display_name":"lithic artifacts","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hominin-tool-use","display_name":"hominin tool use","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.8619858026504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775915184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217043","display_name":"Olduvai Gorge","level":2,"score":0.7940409183502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521751864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729207","display_name":"Christian ministry","level":2,"score":0.523184597492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.4923802614212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4407995343208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.43655824661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.416380375623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.40660884976387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3814142048358917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.34092026948928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2767900228500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.24724727869033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24365246295928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12114870548248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08939811587333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/13318","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net10539/13318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/15944","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:1530188657","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/10539/15944/1/2004.v.40.BACKWELL_%26_D%27ERRICO_Use_of_Bone_tools.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62850012","https://openalex.org/W567426710","https://openalex.org/W613002284","https://openalex.org/W626832944","https://openalex.org/W638290836","https://openalex.org/W1542818016","https://openalex.org/W1591433126","https://openalex.org/W1832711998","https://openalex.org/W1968568170","https://openalex.org/W1974359478","https://openalex.org/W1975682104","https://openalex.org/W1976557402","https://openalex.org/W1982561159","https://openalex.org/W1992463319","https://openalex.org/W1994945849","https://openalex.org/W1996557571","https://openalex.org/W1997144257","https://openalex.org/W2001285534","https://openalex.org/W2003320824","https://openalex.org/W2008429970","https://openalex.org/W2011026427","https://openalex.org/W2011812190","https://openalex.org/W2014660314","https://openalex.org/W2021842817","https://openalex.org/W2023801689","https://openalex.org/W2024371687","https://openalex.org/W2027328419","https://openalex.org/W2027821215","https://openalex.org/W2029690158","https://openalex.org/W2029741193","https://openalex.org/W2031821631","https://openalex.org/W2040744695","https://openalex.org/W2046667239","https://openalex.org/W2049701169","https://openalex.org/W2053100871","https://openalex.org/W2059194395","https://openalex.org/W2061619975","https://openalex.org/W2062773209","https://openalex.org/W2078974486","https://openalex.org/W2079532888","https://openalex.org/W2080723978","https://openalex.org/W2083740369","https://openalex.org/W2089800229","https://openalex.org/W2092508545","https://openalex.org/W2096090600","https://openalex.org/W2125911106","https://openalex.org/W2185590479","https://openalex.org/W2223572318","https://openalex.org/W2247028358","https://openalex.org/W2275707461","https://openalex.org/W2290301184","https://openalex.org/W2325684555","https://openalex.org/W2341910100","https://openalex.org/W2363288908","https://openalex.org/W2463484478","https://openalex.org/W2496151212","https://openalex.org/W2522153245","https://openalex.org/W2523739135","https://openalex.org/W2582279994","https://openalex.org/W2613594346","https://openalex.org/W2797848658","https://openalex.org/W2800827806","https://openalex.org/W2801653198","https://openalex.org/W3049151984","https://openalex.org/W3144844975"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6962972954","https://openalex.org/W1970239089","https://openalex.org/W3092474958","https://openalex.org/W2292166338","https://openalex.org/W2110494061","https://openalex.org/W2307448946","https://openalex.org/W2116648961","https://openalex.org/W2034948178","https://openalex.org/W2948581675","https://openalex.org/W2186775908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purported":[0],"early":[1,219],"hominid":[2],"bone":[3,45,73,80,108,137,189],"tools":[4,190],"from":[5,35,47,63,83],"Olduvai":[6,88],"Gorge":[7],"are":[8,60,230],"studied":[9],"for":[10,156,212],"microscopic":[11,23],"traces":[12],"of":[13,17,25,28,44,50,71,79,86,104,114,135,159,161,169,175,187],"use-wear,":[14],"and":[15,32,90,102,129,140,173,216],"evidence":[16],"intentional":[18],"flaking":[19],"by":[20,218],"knapping.":[21],"Comparative":[22],"analyses":[24],"the":[26,29,36,48,51,72,84,87,100,121,136,147,153,157,162,170,179,201],"edges":[27,43],"purported":[30,188],"tools,":[31],"areas":[33],"far":[34],"potential":[37],"functional":[38],"zone,":[39],"as":[40,42,166,228,233],"well":[41],"pieces":[46,145],"remainder":[49,85],"assemblage,":[52,89],"show":[53],"that":[54,183],"possible":[55],"modifications":[56],"due":[57],"to":[58,66,116],"utilization":[59],"not":[61,198],"distinguishable":[62],"features":[64],"attributed":[65],"post-depositional":[67],"abrasion.":[68],"Taphonomic":[69],"analysis":[70],"tool":[74,109,138],"collection,":[75,139],"a":[76,143,184],"control":[77,122,148,202],"sample":[78,123],"shaft":[81],"fragments":[82],"experimentally":[91],"broken":[92],"elephant":[93],"long":[94],"bones,":[95],"identifies":[96],"significant":[97],"differences":[98],"in":[99,146,178,200],"size":[101],"type":[103],"mammals":[105],"represented.":[106],"The":[107],"collection":[110],"records":[111],"an":[112],"abundance":[113],"large":[115,118],"very":[117],"mammals,":[119],"while":[120],"comprises":[124],"mostly":[125],"medium-size":[126],"bovids.":[127],"Puncture":[128],"cut-marks":[130],"occur":[131],"on":[132,141,236],"one":[133],"third":[134],"only":[142],"few":[144],"sample,":[149],"suggesting":[150],"hominids":[151],"were":[152],"agent":[154],"responsible":[155],"breakage":[158],"most":[160],"bones":[163,222],"previously":[164,226],"described":[165],"tools.":[167,239],"Analysis":[168],"number,":[171],"location":[172],"length":[174],"flake":[176],"scars":[177],"three":[180],"assemblages,":[181],"reveals":[182],"reduced":[185],"proportion":[186],"bear":[191],"invasive,":[192],"contiguous,":[193],"often":[194],"bifacially":[195],"arranged":[196],"removals,":[197],"seen":[199],"or":[203],"experimental":[204],"collections.":[205],"This":[206],"makes":[207],"these":[208],"specimens":[209],"good":[210],"candidates":[211],"having":[213],"been":[214],"shaped":[215],"used":[217,235],"hominids.":[220],"Complete":[221],"with":[223],"tool-generated":[224],"puncture-marks,":[225],"interpreted":[227,231],"anvils,":[229],"here":[232],"hammers":[234],"intermediate":[237],"stone":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
