{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1528042831","doi":null,"title":"The Network Perspective in Organization Studies: Network Organizations or Network Analysis?","display_name":"The Network Perspective in Organization Studies: Network Organizations or Network Analysis?","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1528042831","mag":"1528042831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1528042831","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-166751802/the-network-perspective-in-organization-studies-network","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764575530","display_name":"Academy of strategic management journal/Academy of Strategic Management journal","issn_l":"1544-1458","issn":["1544-1458","1939-6104"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315810","host_organization_name":"Allied Academies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315810","https://openalex.org/P4310320466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Allied Academies","OMICS Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Academy of strategic management journal/Academy of Strategic Management journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043565358","display_name":"Stephen C. Betts","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen C. Betts","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085238106","display_name":"Michael D.W. Stouder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-2574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-2574"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Stouder","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-2574","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26800049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.676800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.676800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.04690000042319298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-perspective","display_name":"network perspective","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-analysis","display_name":"network analysis","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-organization","display_name":"network organization","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-analysis","display_name":"social network analysis","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-analysis","display_name":"organizational analysis","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-structure","display_name":"social structure","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-paradigms","display_name":"research paradigms","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-network-analysis","display_name":"history of network analysis","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7348926067352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.5420686602592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62886766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013138","display_name":"Organizational network analysis","level":3,"score":0.5357457995414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.52237468957901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4999196529388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4932343363761902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114713312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551269","display_name":"Social network analysis","level":3,"score":0.4890792965888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775901035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047582","display_name":"Organization studies","level":2,"score":0.46342790126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195289821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102006","display_name":"Organizational analysis","level":2,"score":0.46311771869659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4405531883239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.38520121574401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2459723949432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24351191520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.2186127007007599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169735623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430172","display_name":"Organizational learning","level":2,"score":0.17539620399475098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09870269894599915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68062652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214693","display_name":"Social capital","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1528042831","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-166751802/the-network-perspective-in-organization-studies-network","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764575530","display_name":"Academy of strategic management journal/Academy of Strategic Management journal","issn_l":"1544-1458","issn":["1544-1458","1939-6104"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315810","host_organization_name":"Allied Academies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315810","https://openalex.org/P4310320466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Allied Academies","OMICS Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Academy of strategic management journal/Academy of Strategic Management journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20066928","https://openalex.org/W104183342","https://openalex.org/W1869628283","https://openalex.org/W1966565904","https://openalex.org/W1967375030","https://openalex.org/W1971788485","https://openalex.org/W1973459906","https://openalex.org/W1974205892","https://openalex.org/W1980414430","https://openalex.org/W1983272981","https://openalex.org/W1984566782","https://openalex.org/W1991143883","https://openalex.org/W1992496496","https://openalex.org/W1997052091","https://openalex.org/W1999687611","https://openalex.org/W2003591698","https://openalex.org/W2007803925","https://openalex.org/W2011629610","https://openalex.org/W2014091750","https://openalex.org/W2014740757","https://openalex.org/W2016614678","https://openalex.org/W2021784980","https://openalex.org/W2023261025","https://openalex.org/W2028361352","https://openalex.org/W2029956199","https://openalex.org/W2032572697","https://openalex.org/W2033469206","https://openalex.org/W2035487519","https://openalex.org/W2035903189","https://openalex.org/W2036435886","https://openalex.org/W2038448635","https://openalex.org/W2038790402","https://openalex.org/W2038817869","https://openalex.org/W2044022097","https://openalex.org/W2045302658","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2046742086","https://openalex.org/W2050030084","https://openalex.org/W2050153717","https://openalex.org/W2055052606","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2057335753","https://openalex.org/W2058690300","https://openalex.org/W2066016096","https://openalex.org/W2067941793","https://openalex.org/W2070179694","https://openalex.org/W2070996224","https://openalex.org/W2072587244","https://openalex.org/W2074913925","https://openalex.org/W2074913953","https://openalex.org/W2079414640","https://openalex.org/W2080786121","https://openalex.org/W2080838723","https://openalex.org/W2084764283","https://openalex.org/W2087391635","https://openalex.org/W2089741416","https://openalex.org/W2091734581","https://openalex.org/W2091877193","https://openalex.org/W2093214420","https://openalex.org/W2094471435","https://openalex.org/W2094678187","https://openalex.org/W2095283357","https://openalex.org/W2096504109","https://openalex.org/W2098461681","https://openalex.org/W2098721576","https://openalex.org/W2099298627","https://openalex.org/W2106323496","https://openalex.org/W2109280325","https://openalex.org/W2114188419","https://openalex.org/W2114493339","https://openalex.org/W2114844053","https://openalex.org/W2124927217","https://openalex.org/W2125808610","https://openalex.org/W2126280998","https://openalex.org/W2127927554","https://openalex.org/W2130384537","https://openalex.org/W2130556424","https://openalex.org/W2130724714","https://openalex.org/W2132706839","https://openalex.org/W2135255056","https://openalex.org/W2135625898","https://openalex.org/W2136407476","https://openalex.org/W2136411613","https://openalex.org/W2136754123","https://openalex.org/W2141820308","https://openalex.org/W2142120740","https://openalex.org/W2143780684","https://openalex.org/W2146096332","https://openalex.org/W2146405903","https://openalex.org/W2149197883","https://openalex.org/W2167061823","https://openalex.org/W2170733167","https://openalex.org/W2171687541","https://openalex.org/W2233002793","https://openalex.org/W2312641008","https://openalex.org/W2314014465","https://openalex.org/W2317056810","https://openalex.org/W2319209715","https://openalex.org/W2327605379","https://openalex.org/W2339263203","https://openalex.org/W2801911447","https://openalex.org/W2992109275","https://openalex.org/W3121500353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553842316","https://openalex.org/W7145413220","https://openalex.org/W4411874338","https://openalex.org/W327850465","https://openalex.org/W180142954","https://openalex.org/W1515007544","https://openalex.org/W2236272294","https://openalex.org/W2048495928","https://openalex.org/W7096498309","https://openalex.org/W4306863472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,20,105,127,156,310,338,418],"'Network":[2],"Perspective'":[3],"has":[4,26,501,535],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,208,361,458,493,495,552],"an":[7,362],"important":[8],"influence":[9],"in":[10,23,50,64,102,123,173,200,228,266,297,307,335,424,557,560,589,608],"organization":[11,65,229,267,308],"and":[12,38,75,93,161,170,175,179,193,230,251,268,279,327,347,379,430,487,525,531,540,567],"management":[13,194,231,269],"research":[14,149,270],"over":[15],"the":[16,34,39,70,77,88,94,103,109,145,162,185,205,222,247,257,263,274,280,293,301,318,328,336,365,405,425,449,462,538,545,609],"last":[17,186],"few":[18,138,187],"decades.":[19],"network":[467],"perspective":[22,63,199,227,265,306],"this":[24,53,217,314,345,534],"context":[25],"no":[27],"specific":[28],"definition;":[29],"instead":[30],"it":[31,119,372,457,573,594,604],"generally":[32,358],"encompasses":[33],"notion":[35,157],"of":[36,41,45,72,79,90,96,111,147,158,164,224,253,262,276,282,292,303,321,344,367,381,394,408,411,420,427,465,477,542,549,569,576],"networks":[553],"techniques":[40,114],"analysis,":[43],"both":[44],"which":[46,59],"have":[47,99,167,176,195],"long":[48,169,522],"histories":[49],"sociology.":[51],"In":[52,184,216,256],"paper":[54,218,339],"we":[55,219],"examine":[56,221,300],"empirical":[57,140,148,565],"articles":[58],"use":[60,71,89,110,163,223,275,302,568],"a":[61,137,159,168,197,225,243,283,289,304,322,342,439,459,466,478,511,574,584],"studies":[66],"to":[67,299,364,375,474,490,606],"see":[68],"how":[69,76],"analysis":[74,92,113,166,237,278,326],"concept":[78,95,281],"'network":[80,97,206,284,329],"organizations'":[81,98],"is":[82,85,115,120,132,238,295,316,397,438,518,521,587],"addressed.":[83,287],"It":[84,396,437],"argued":[86],"that":[87,108,317,519,586,599],"little":[100],"overlap":[101],"literature.":[104,337],"findings":[106],"show":[107],"firmly":[116],"established,":[117],"however":[118],"not":[121,536],"used":[122,196],"investigating":[124,209],"organizations.":[126],"literature":[128,294],"addressing":[129],"organizations":[131,152,192,211],"largely":[133],"theoretical":[134],"with":[135,341,403,445],"only":[136],"qualitative":[139],"studies.":[141],"Several":[142],"reasons":[143],"for":[144,510],"lack":[146],"on":[150,235,523,529,579],"are":[153,271,286,331,423,554],"proposed.":[154],"INTRODUCTION":[155],"established":[171],"history":[172,250],"sociology":[174,480],"been":[177,502],"adapted":[178],"adopted":[180],"by":[181],"other":[182],"disciplines.":[183],"decades":[188],"many":[189,558,607],"scholars":[190],"studying":[191],"their":[201],"research.":[202,232,309],"We":[203],"consider":[204],"perspective'":[207],"and/or":[212],"using":[213],"analysis.":[215,255],"will":[220],"Background":[233],"information":[234],"presented":[239,296],"first.":[240],"This":[241],"includes":[242],"brief":[244,512],"discussions":[245],"about":[246],"basic":[248],"concepts,":[249],"types":[252],"next":[258],"section":[259],"two":[260],"aspects":[261,320],"explored.":[272],"Specifically":[273],"organization'":[285],"Next":[288],"structured":[290],"review":[291,315],"order":[298],"conclusion":[311],"drawn":[312],"from":[313],"prevalent":[319],"perspective,":[324],"organization',":[330],"virtually":[332],"mutually":[333],"exclusive":[334],"concludes":[340],"discussion":[343],"issue":[346],"some":[348],"possible":[349],"explanations.":[350],"NETWORK":[351],"ANALYSIS":[352],"Network":[353,505],"Analysis":[354,506],"(NA)":[355],"can":[356,389,468],"most":[357],"be":[359,469,597],"construed":[360],"approach":[363],"study":[366],"social":[368,384,485,550,561,580,591],"structure.":[369],"As":[370],"such,":[371],"seeks":[373],"primarily":[374],"describe":[376],"concrete":[377],"relations":[378,382,412],"patterns":[380,410],"among":[383,515],"actors":[388],"-":[386],"where":[387],"mean":[390],"individuals":[391],"or":[392],"groups":[393],"individuals.":[395],"secondarily":[398],"(and":[399,582],"more":[400,488],"ambitiously)":[401],"concerned":[402],"describing":[404],"behavioral":[406],"effects":[407],"such":[409],"(Galaskiewicz":[413],"&":[414,434],"Wasserman,":[415],"1":[416,482],"994).":[417],"origins":[419],"contemporary":[421],"NA":[422,520],"fields":[426],"sociology,":[428],"anthropology,":[429],"graph":[431],"theory":[432,530],"(Holland":[433],"Leinhardt,":[435],"1979).":[436],"relatively":[440],"new":[441],"area":[442],"(late":[443],"50's)":[444],"much":[446,590],"activity":[447],"since":[448],"mid":[450],"70's.":[451],"Indeed":[452,563],"its":[453],"adherents":[454],"now":[455],"regard":[456],"paradigm.":[460],"However,":[461],"conceptual":[463],"roots":[464],"traced":[470],"quite":[471],"far":[472],"back":[473],"Simmel's":[475],"conception":[476],"formal":[479],"(Simmel,":[481],"950),":[483],"Durkheims":[484],"morphology,":[486],"recently":[489],"Moreno's":[491],"sociometry,":[492],"well":[494],"others":[496],"(Turner,":[497],"1991).":[498],"Much":[499],"criticism":[500],"leveled":[503],"at":[504],"(see":[507],"Mizruchi,":[508],"1994":[509],"review).":[513],"Chief":[514],"these":[516,600],"criticisms":[517],"mathematics":[524,571],"methods,":[526],"but":[527],"short":[528],"substance.":[532],"However":[533],"stemmed":[537],"volume":[539],"range":[541],"work":[543],"utilizing":[544],"approach.":[547],"Studies":[548],"systems":[551],"growing":[555],"rapidly":[556],"areas":[559],"science.":[562],"NAs":[564],"emphasis":[566],"sophisticated":[570],"gives":[572],"kind":[575],"rigorous":[577],"grip":[578],"structure":[581],"hence":[583],"legitimacy)":[585],"absent":[588],"theory.":[592],"But":[593],"also":[595],"may":[596],"true":[598],"same":[601],"qualities":[602],"make":[603],"unattractive":[605],"field.":[610],"\u2026":[611]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}