{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1524526355","doi":null,"title":"Transformation of a metaphor: semantic shift in a Cantonese term 'Chi Sin' denoting insanity.","display_name":"Transformation of a metaphor: semantic shift in a Cantonese term 'Chi Sin' denoting insanity.","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1524526355","mag":"1524526355","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25829101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:25829101","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25829101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan","raw_type":"Historical Article"},"volume":null,"type":"other","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209342","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J Y W Ng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Y W Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731451","display_name":"Eric Yu Hai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-3593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-3593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Y H Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.7128999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.7128999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":0.08070000261068344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14514","display_name":"Medical Research and Practices","score":0.061000000685453415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3608","display_name":"Medical Terminology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-change","display_name":"semantic change","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-metaphors","display_name":"dead metaphors","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigma","display_name":"stigma","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis","display_name":"psychosis","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-illness-terminology","display_name":"mental illness terminology","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telephone-exchanges","display_name":"telephone exchanges","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hong-kong","display_name":"Hong Kong","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7545124292373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.6916537284851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779625551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505619","display_name":"Insanity","level":2,"score":0.648928165435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5761104822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4668441712856293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4558677673339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4382575750350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36391188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1939117","display_name":"Semantic change","level":2,"score":0.437821626663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29185921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41966","display_name":"Metonymy","level":3,"score":0.43057987093925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3960006535053253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3852457106113434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3268970847129822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3233901262283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.25767841935157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.24567890167236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.20996344089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1651298999786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006723","descriptor_name":"Hong Kong","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011639","descriptor_name":"Public Opinion","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019365","descriptor_name":"Metaphor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D028642","descriptor_name":"Persons with Psychiatric Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049674","descriptor_name":"History, 21st Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057545","descriptor_name":"Social Stigma","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:25829101","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25829101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East Asian archives of psychiatry : official journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi : Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/209342","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209342","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1021.2420","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1021.2420","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/209342/1/content.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1524526355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25829101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/209342","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209342","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1524526355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1524526355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W624533844","https://openalex.org/W1886198245","https://openalex.org/W1964958666","https://openalex.org/W2013183518","https://openalex.org/W2023478835","https://openalex.org/W2063373914","https://openalex.org/W2095651675","https://openalex.org/W2099208432","https://openalex.org/W2102489473","https://openalex.org/W2117938935","https://openalex.org/W2126159475","https://openalex.org/W2126500973","https://openalex.org/W2140647602","https://openalex.org/W2761878795","https://openalex.org/W4366064938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W573126477","https://openalex.org/W2958155607","https://openalex.org/W4403779526","https://openalex.org/W2243435823","https://openalex.org/W2930915223","https://openalex.org/W2054648462","https://openalex.org/W2369840094","https://openalex.org/W2133002598","https://openalex.org/W2420210550","https://openalex.org/W2233877657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"The":[1,210],"historical":[2,155],"evolution":[3,65,200],"of":[4,21,43,66,162,185,201,204,213,216,242,248],"the":[5,19,61,67,76,96,125,133,167,183,186,189,199,202,205,217,243,246],"existing":[6],"terms":[7],"used":[8,31,171],"to":[9,15,59,75,79,91,113,147,176,198],"describe":[10,177],"insanity":[11,35],"may":[12],"be":[13],"able":[14],"shed":[16],"light":[17],"on":[18],"formation":[20],"stigma":[22],"towards":[23],"psychosis":[24],"patients.":[25],"In":[26,158],"Hong":[27,83,109,137,193],"Kong,":[28,138],"a":[29,39,54,173,229,249],"widely":[30],"Cantonese":[32],"term":[33,68,94,168,206,218],"for":[34],"'Chi":[36,69,163,207,219],"Sin'":[37,70,164,220],"provides":[38],"unique":[40],"example":[41],"because":[42],"its":[44,72],"neutral":[45],"original":[46,211],"sense,":[47],"as":[48,102,116],"it":[49,226],"literally":[50],"means":[51],"misconnection":[52],"in":[53,108,136,165,172,192],"network":[55],"circuit.":[56],"We":[57,100,129,180],"attempt":[58],"trace":[60],"origin":[62],"and":[63,105,118,127,141,150,225],"subsequent":[64,252],"from":[71,111,124,144],"early":[73,160],"use":[74,161,234],"present":[77],"day":[78],"understand":[80],"how":[81],"local":[82,122,154],"Kong":[84,110,194],"people":[85],"have":[86],"attached":[87],"increasingly":[88],"negative":[89,236],"connotations":[90],"this":[92],"scientific":[93],"since":[95],"mid-20th":[97],"century.":[98],"METHODS:":[99],"sampled":[101,119],"many":[103],"newspapers":[104,134],"magazines":[106],"published":[107,135],"1939":[112],"June":[114,148],"2014":[115],"possible,":[117],"7":[120],"popular":[121],"movies":[123],"1950s":[126],"1960s.":[128],"also":[130],"searched":[131,151],"all":[132],"Macau,":[139],"Taiwan,":[140],"Mainland":[142],"China":[143],"January":[145],"1998":[146],"2014,":[149],"several":[152],"other":[153],"resources.":[156],"RESULTS:":[157],"one":[159],"1939,":[166],"was":[169],"only":[170],"technical":[174],"sense":[175],"'short":[178],"circuiting'.":[179],"found":[181],"that":[182],"development":[184],"telephone":[187],"system,":[188,191],"Strowger":[190],"is":[195,221],"closely":[196],"related":[197],"semantics":[203],"Sin'.":[208],"CONCLUSIONS:":[209],"meaning":[212],"short":[214],"circuitry":[215],"no":[222],"longer":[223],"used,":[224],"has":[227],"become":[228],"dead":[230],"metaphor":[231,250],"through":[232],"repeated":[233],"with":[235,251],"emotional":[237],"connotations.":[238],"This":[239],"illustrates":[240],"some":[241],"factors":[244],"facilitating":[245],"emergence":[247],"semantic":[253],"drift.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
