{"id":"https://openalex.org/W152312","doi":null,"title":"Enrollment and Retention Barriers Adult Students Encounter.","display_name":"Enrollment and Retention Barriers Adult Students Encounter.","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W152312","mag":"152312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:152312","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.schoolcraft.edu/pdfs/cce/13.1.63-79.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764512665","display_name":"Michigan Community College journal","issn_l":"1081-9428","issn":["1081-9428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Community College journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004378598","display_name":"Natasha Brown Spellman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Brown Spellman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004378598"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":2.651e-05,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12345","display_name":"Adult and Continuing Education Topics","score":0.03460000082850456,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14136","display_name":"Education and Military Integration","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-learners","display_name":"adult learners","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-enrollment","display_name":"student enrollment","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-retention","display_name":"student retention","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-colleges","display_name":"community colleges","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-education","display_name":"vocational education","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-education","display_name":"adult education","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-barriers","display_name":"financial barriers","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-responsibilities","display_name":"family responsibilities","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociocultural-barriers","display_name":"socio-cultural barriers","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-students","display_name":"transfer students","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-students","display_name":"low-income students","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-generation-college-students","display_name":"first-generation college students","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-support-services","display_name":"student support services","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.6595816016197205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5235499739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5131891369819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4996047019958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.49383100867271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.47326043248176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.43037015199661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3810965418815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2625018358230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1963377594947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1584486961364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:152312","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.schoolcraft.edu/pdfs/cce/13.1.63-79.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764512665","display_name":"Michigan Community College journal","issn_l":"1081-9428","issn":["1081-9428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Community College journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7567999958992004,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140131","https://openalex.org/W46427224","https://openalex.org/W78159810","https://openalex.org/W86547894","https://openalex.org/W186789730","https://openalex.org/W219849036","https://openalex.org/W231891572","https://openalex.org/W234636127","https://openalex.org/W250066015","https://openalex.org/W264167066","https://openalex.org/W579683789","https://openalex.org/W584861639","https://openalex.org/W1481920147","https://openalex.org/W1564199318","https://openalex.org/W1583255594","https://openalex.org/W1978595093","https://openalex.org/W1992671187","https://openalex.org/W2002692231","https://openalex.org/W2006107608","https://openalex.org/W2012826177","https://openalex.org/W2015283071","https://openalex.org/W2020041326","https://openalex.org/W2026289668","https://openalex.org/W2030277625","https://openalex.org/W2032809425","https://openalex.org/W2033817546","https://openalex.org/W2038694238","https://openalex.org/W2043073880","https://openalex.org/W2066754396","https://openalex.org/W2088924665","https://openalex.org/W2095427418","https://openalex.org/W2115893406","https://openalex.org/W2120788472","https://openalex.org/W2124722755","https://openalex.org/W2129810365","https://openalex.org/W2139617667","https://openalex.org/W2140319806","https://openalex.org/W2144382250","https://openalex.org/W2155520784","https://openalex.org/W2166023835","https://openalex.org/W2171819009","https://openalex.org/W2998906637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W192151637","https://openalex.org/W4242576252","https://openalex.org/W7221375857","https://openalex.org/W3005590218","https://openalex.org/W4396884961","https://openalex.org/W4321376774","https://openalex.org/W7167695829","https://openalex.org/W2474602820","https://openalex.org/W7162448092","https://openalex.org/W2098613908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"estimate,":[1],"more":[2,255],"than":[3,256,561],"47%":[4],"of":[5,33,42,71,137,155,181,186,190,203,223,243,266,273,297,305,317,320,355,451,475,502,510,531,536,559],"enrollees":[6],"in":[7,46,64,158,170,212,290,352,377,425,493],"U.S.":[8],"higher":[9,24,267],"education":[10,25,268,523],"institutions":[11,427],"can":[12],"be":[13,334,549],"classified":[14],"as":[15,184,446,463],"adult":[16,43,72,121,224],"learners":[17],"(Creighton":[18],"&":[19,165,567],"Hudson,":[20],"2002).":[21],"Adults":[22,168],"pursue":[23],"for":[26,38,114,205,254,423,431,534],"various":[27],"reasons":[28],"including":[29],"personal":[30],"enrichment,":[31],"change":[32],"career,":[34],"or":[35,106,146,161,174,385],"a":[36,179,324,353,473,500,528,555],"requirement":[37],"promotion.":[39],"The":[40,200,241,271,302,507],"majority":[41,154],"students":[44,56,122,156,253,332,347,382,400,406,422,430,515,560],"enroll":[45,63,554],"community":[442],"colleges":[48,100,142,151,245,247,275,286,330,443,504,512,553,563],"to":[310],"fulfill":[50],"educational":[51,532],"and":[52,77,86,110,196,219,238,260,314,348,364,391,394,397,407,428,437,468,471,478,538,542,564],"training":[53,85,449,467],"needs.":[54],"Adult":[55],"may":[57],"face":[58],"barriers":[59,109,182,204,218],"when":[60],"attempting":[61,291],"college.":[65],"Program":[66],"planners":[67],"must":[68,371],"understand":[69],"characteristics":[70],"students,":[73,93],"recognize":[74],"social":[75,192,313],"issues,":[76,193,195],"identify":[78],"with":[79,458],"cultural":[80,194,315],"issues":[81],"effectively":[83],"develop":[84],"degree":[87,175],"programs":[88,145,176,214,351,370,470],"that":[89,215,403,441,485],"not":[90],"only":[91],"attract":[92],"but":[94],"also":[95,133,499],"encourage":[96],"student":[97,108,227,236],"retention.":[98],"Community":[99,150,246,285,329],"have":[101,248,261,413,487],"the":[102,115,153,221,231,263,280,294,312,318,346,374,378,387,432,447,452,459,488,494],"ability":[103],"reduce":[105,217],"eliminate":[107],"subsequently":[111],"prepare":[112,331],"adults":[113,138],"work":[116],"force.":[117],"Introduction":[118],"Though":[119],"some":[120],"choose":[123],"begin":[125],"postsecondary":[126],"studies":[127],"at":[128],"colleges,":[130],"there":[131],"is":[132,234,309,498],"an":[134],"emerging":[135],"pattern":[136],"returning":[139],"complete":[144],"learn":[147],"new":[148],"skills.":[149],"serve":[152,311],"interested":[157,169],"upgrading":[159],"skills":[160],"changing":[162],"careers":[163],"(Horn":[164],"Nevill,":[166],"2006).":[167,435,506],"pursuing":[171],"training,":[172,477],"certificate,":[173],"often":[177],"confront":[178],"variety":[180,474,558],"such":[183],"lack":[185,189],"academic":[187],"preparation,":[188],"finances,":[191],"overwhelming":[197],"family":[198],"responsibilities.":[199],"accurate":[201],"identification":[202],"target":[206],"groups":[207],"assists":[208],"college":[210],"administrators":[211],"planning":[213],"will":[216],"meet":[220,293],"needs":[222,228,296,316],"students.":[225],"When":[226],"are":[229,276,283,323,401,527],"met,":[230],"likely":[232],"outcome":[233],"increased":[235],"enrollment":[237,424],"retention":[239],"rates.":[240],"role":[242],"been":[249,415],"providing":[250,340,389],"opportunities":[251],"one":[257],"hundred":[258],"years":[259],"become":[262],"largest":[264],"sector":[265],"(Boggs,":[269,409],"2004).":[270,410,571],"missions":[272],"ever":[277],"evolving":[278],"because":[279],"communities":[281,319,338,356,379],"served":[282],"changing.":[284],"play":[287],"several":[288],"roles":[289],"varied":[295],"their":[298,337,520],"constituents":[299],"(Bragg,":[300],"2001).":[301,483],"primary":[303],"purpose":[304],"public":[306],"two-year":[307],"schools":[308],"which":[321],"they":[322],"part":[325],"(Hanson,":[326,505],"2006,":[327],"p.132).":[328],"contributors":[335],"by":[339,417,461],"learning":[341],"experiences":[342],"beneficial":[343],"both":[345,405],"society.":[349],"College":[350],"multitude":[354],"connect":[357],"cultural,":[358],"social,":[359],"psychological,":[360],"economic,":[361],"political,":[362],"environmental,":[363],"technological":[365],"elements":[366,375],"(Galbraith,":[367],"1992).":[368],"These":[369],"react":[372],"present":[376],"served.":[380],"Preparing":[381],"enter":[384],"re-enter":[386],"workforce,":[388],"language":[390],"citizenship":[392],"courses,":[393],"educating":[395],"low-income":[396],"first":[398],"generation":[399],"services":[402],"benefit":[404],"society":[408],"Two":[411],"niches":[412],"always":[414],"filled":[416],"colleges:":[419],"preparing":[420,429],"transfer":[421],"four-year":[426,562],"workforce":[433,448],"(Geigerich,":[434],"Higginbottom":[436],"Romano":[438],"(2001)":[439],"declare":[440],"see":[444],"themselves":[445],"centers":[450],"21st":[453],"Century":[454],"(p.255).":[455],"Some":[456],"partner":[457],"serving":[462],"contractors":[464],"job":[466],"welfare":[469],"offer":[472],"education,":[476],"economic":[479],"development":[480],"activities":[481],"(Grubb,":[482],"Ensuring":[484],"citizens":[486],"capacity":[489],"fully":[491],"participate":[492],"American":[495],"democratic":[496,508],"system":[497],"goal":[501],"environment":[509],"appeals":[513],"who":[516],"seek":[517],"improve":[519],"lives":[521],"through":[522],"(Laanan,":[524],"2000).":[525],"They":[526],"vital":[529],"source":[530],"opportunity":[533],"millions":[535],"Americans":[537],"contribute":[539],"state":[541],"national":[543],"economies":[544],"(Bailey,":[545],"2005).":[546],"Designed":[547],"open-door":[550],"institutions,":[551],"much":[556],"wider":[557],"universities":[565],"(Bailey":[566],"Alfonso,":[568],"2005;":[569],"Boggs,":[570],"\u2026":[572]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}