{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1522880494","doi":null,"title":"Effects of intravitreal insulin and insulin signaling cascade inhibitors on emmetropization in the chick.","display_name":"Effects of intravitreal insulin and insulin signaling cascade inhibitors on emmetropization in the chick.","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1522880494","mag":"1522880494","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112573","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3482168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2554138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3482168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3482168","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072467131","display_name":"Alexandra March\u00e3 Penha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-3202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-3202"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Marcha Penha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Eye Hospital, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Tuebingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Eye Hospital, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Tuebingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eva Burkhardt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Burkhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052084050","display_name":"Frank Schaeffel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-0811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-0811"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Schaeffel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085563406","display_name":"Marita Pauline Feldkaemper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-3714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-3714"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marita P Feldkaemper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79421854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"2608","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"insulin","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emmetropization","display_name":"emmetropization","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia","display_name":"myopia","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperopia","display_name":"hyperopia","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-signaling","display_name":"insulin signaling","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pi3k-akt-signaling","display_name":"PI3K/Akt signaling","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mek-erk-signaling","display_name":"MEK/ERK signaling","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-defocus","display_name":"retinal defocus","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectacle-lenses","display_name":"spectacle lenses","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-growth","display_name":"eye growth","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chick-embryo","display_name":"chick embryo","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u0126","display_name":"U0126","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ly294002","display_name":"LY294002","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-proteins","display_name":"retinal proteins","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-dimensions","display_name":"ocular dimensions","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-induced-myopia","display_name":"lens-induced myopia","score":0.7870000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75217442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423650","display_name":"Protein kinase B","level":3,"score":0.6475363969802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112446052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422579","display_name":"Insulin receptor","level":4,"score":0.6430482268333435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86554907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285613","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","level":3,"score":0.6340643763542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17142288","display_name":"MEK inhibitor","level":4,"score":0.6270977258682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776912716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4042503","display_name":"LY294002","level":4,"score":0.6182423830032349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57074206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14197552","display_name":"MAPK/ERK pathway","level":3,"score":0.6096265316009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.6066789031028748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184235292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421851","display_name":"Kinase","level":2,"score":0.5314684510231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5008172988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778308172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423565","display_name":"Wortmannin","level":4,"score":0.4993565082550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780610907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273248","display_name":"Phosphatidylinositol","level":3,"score":0.49342265725135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4746989607810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97029542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281417","display_name":"Protein kinase A","level":3,"score":0.4545246660709381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4200730621814728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.34147870540618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.3324117660522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.316243052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3144521117210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.09276866912841797}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081082","descriptor_name":"Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002070","descriptor_name":"Butadienes","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002645","descriptor_name":"Chickens","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002867","descriptor_name":"Chromones","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006956","descriptor_name":"Hyperopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006956","descriptor_name":"Hyperopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007908","descriptor_name":"Lens, Crystalline","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009025","descriptor_name":"Morpholines","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009570","descriptor_name":"Nitriles","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010766","descriptor_name":"Phosphorylation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014822","descriptor_name":"Vitreous Body","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019869","descriptor_name":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020928","descriptor_name":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020928","descriptor_name":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051057","descriptor_name":"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051057","descriptor_name":"Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058449","descriptor_name":"Intravitreal Injections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058453","descriptor_name":"Emmetropia","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2554138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3482168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23112573","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular vision","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3482168","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3482168/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mol Vis","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.776.937","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.776.937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/ed/e0/mv-v18-2608.PMC3482168.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1522880494","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2554138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3482168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100614234","https://openalex.org/W120092733","https://openalex.org/W1529396499","https://openalex.org/W1556838748","https://openalex.org/W1567722340","https://openalex.org/W1568943792","https://openalex.org/W1722713365","https://openalex.org/W1973597083","https://openalex.org/W1974740641","https://openalex.org/W1988406020","https://openalex.org/W1994785795","https://openalex.org/W1994933227","https://openalex.org/W1999824494","https://openalex.org/W1999907320","https://openalex.org/W2002115260","https://openalex.org/W2005416341","https://openalex.org/W2007869908","https://openalex.org/W2007877980","https://openalex.org/W2008728732","https://openalex.org/W2010363777","https://openalex.org/W2019577657","https://openalex.org/W2019775118","https://openalex.org/W2020627360","https://openalex.org/W2021757568","https://openalex.org/W2027886481","https://openalex.org/W2030062655","https://openalex.org/W2031143383","https://openalex.org/W2032643735","https://openalex.org/W2034660719","https://openalex.org/W2035472783","https://openalex.org/W2036758779","https://openalex.org/W2044868069","https://openalex.org/W2045667786","https://openalex.org/W2047044177","https://openalex.org/W2048285122","https://openalex.org/W2059702779","https://openalex.org/W2061821053","https://openalex.org/W2064801081","https://openalex.org/W2065577604","https://openalex.org/W2067666500","https://openalex.org/W2070337472","https://openalex.org/W2075602622","https://openalex.org/W2082095971","https://openalex.org/W2084921427","https://openalex.org/W2085495555","https://openalex.org/W2094114923","https://openalex.org/W2095902964","https://openalex.org/W2097157695","https://openalex.org/W2098083904","https://openalex.org/W2104715927","https://openalex.org/W2107162274","https://openalex.org/W2116718739","https://openalex.org/W2129969332","https://openalex.org/W2136417909","https://openalex.org/W2137565687","https://openalex.org/W2147114673","https://openalex.org/W2163656776","https://openalex.org/W2167637585","https://openalex.org/W2332519193","https://openalex.org/W2388163742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994933227","https://openalex.org/W7096653957","https://openalex.org/W3162569461","https://openalex.org/W2116718739","https://openalex.org/W2035472783","https://openalex.org/W3028707030","https://openalex.org/W107785049","https://openalex.org/W2205518855","https://openalex.org/W7167514815","https://openalex.org/W2782342934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Intravitreal":[1,379],"insulin":[2,29,68,122,210,224,239,259,271,292,380,419,433,438],"has":[3],"been":[4],"shown":[5],"to":[6,77,357],"be":[7],"a":[8,119],"powerful":[9],"stimulator":[10],"of":[11,121,125,141,146,160,178,238,270,291,301,342,367,428],"myopia":[12],"in":[13,15,243,275,293,303,313,329,334,344,351,373,395,445],"chickens,":[14],"particular":[16],"if":[17],"the":[18,28,37,56,65,83,110,114,126,135,147,172,175,179,182,201,219,232,236,244,265,285,289,299,340,368,374,404,423,429,435,441],"retinal":[19,84,144],"image":[20,85],"is":[21,80,86],"degraded":[22],"or":[23,101,118,257,317,413],"defocused.":[24],"In":[25,64,362],"most":[26],"tissues,":[27],"receptor":[30],"activates":[31],"two":[32],"main":[33],"signaling":[34,388,425],"pathways:":[35],"a)":[36],"mitogen-activated":[38,44],"protein":[39,45],"kinase":[40,47,52,60],"(MAPK)":[41],"cascade":[42],"(e.g.,":[43],"kinasem":[46],"[MEK]":[48],"and":[49,54,71,123,129,137,157,168,171,181,191,195,204,209,223,253,350,359,385,397,399],"extracellular":[50],"regulated":[51],"[ERK])":[53],"b)":[55],"phosphatidylinositol":[57],"3-kinase":[58],"(PI3K)/protein":[59],"B":[61],"(Akt)":[62],"pathway.":[63],"current":[66],"study,":[67],"was":[69,184,272,322,371,393,407,439],"injected,":[70],"these":[72],"pathways":[73],"were":[74,93,105,132,149],"separately":[75],"inhibited":[76],"determine":[78],"which":[79],"activated":[81,394,408],"when":[82],"defocused":[87],"by":[88,324],"spectacle":[89],"lenses.":[90,103,319,415],"METHODS:":[91],"Chicks":[92,187,248],"treated":[94,249],"with":[95,108,151,164,193,196,250,255,258,278,305,346,410],"either":[96],"+7":[97],"D,":[98,100],"-7":[99],"no":[102,229,364,414],"They":[104],"intravitreally":[106],"injected":[107,192,254,277],"insulin,":[109,256,282],"MEK":[111,220,226,233,261],"inhibitor":[112,116,198,213,221,227,234,280,287,327],"U0126,":[113],"PI3K":[115,197,212,279,286,326],"Ly294002,":[117],"combination":[120],"one":[124],"inhibitors.":[127],"Refractions":[128],"ocular":[130],"dimension":[131],"measured":[133,150],"at":[134],"beginning":[136],"after":[138,154,432],"four":[139,158],"days":[140,159],"treatment.":[142,161],"The":[143,320,390],"proteins":[145],"chicks":[148,314],"western":[152],"blots":[153],"2":[155],"h":[156],"Incubation":[162],"occurred":[163],"anti-Akt1,":[165],"anti-Erk1/2,":[166],"anti-phospho-Akt(Thr308),":[167],"anti-phospho-Erk1/2((Thr202/Tyr204))":[169],"antibodies,":[170],"ratio":[173,300,341],"between":[174],"relative":[176],"intensity":[177],"phospho-form":[180],"total-form":[183],"calculated.":[185],"RESULTS:":[186],"wearing":[188,315,353],"positive":[189,354,411],"lenses":[190,252,412],"saline":[194],"compensated":[199],"for":[200,264],"imposed":[202,266],"defocus":[203],"became":[205],"hyperopic.":[206],"Insulin":[207,297,337],"injections":[208,214,328],"plus":[211,225,245,260,281,316,398],"prevented":[215],"lens-induced":[216],"hyperopia,":[217],"whereas":[218],"alone":[222],"had":[228],"effect.":[230],"Obviously,":[231],"suppressed":[235,288],"effect":[237,269,436],"on":[240,437],"eye":[241,383,446],"growth":[242,384],"lens-treated":[246,295,335,376,401],"animals.":[247,296,377],"negative":[251,375,417],"inhibitor,":[262],"overcompensated":[263],"defocus.":[267],"This":[268],"not":[273,333,421],"detected":[274],"eyes":[276,331],"suggesting":[283],"that":[284],"effects":[290],"minus":[294,318,400],"increased":[298,339],"phospho-Akt/total-Akt":[302],"animals":[304,345,352],"normal":[306,347],"visual":[307,348],"exposure":[308,349],"but":[309,332,403],"even":[310],"more":[311],"so":[312],"increase":[321,444],"blocked":[323],"simultaneous":[325],"control":[330,396],"eyes.":[336,361],"also":[338],"phospho-ERK/total-ERK":[343],"lenses,":[355,418],"compared":[356],"U0126-":[358],"Ly294002-injected":[360],"contrast,":[363],"significant":[365],"activation":[366],"MEK/ERK":[369,405,424],"pathway":[370,392,406,430],"observed":[372],"CONCLUSIONS:":[378],"promoted":[381],"axial":[382],"stimulated":[386,431],"both":[387],"pathways.":[389],"PI3K/Akt":[391],"eyes,":[402],"only":[409],"With":[416],"did":[420],"stimulate":[422],"cascade.":[426],"Independent":[427],"binding,":[434],"always":[440],"same:":[442],"an":[443],"growth.":[447]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}