{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1522442230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38n96g","title":"Incentives to Challenge and Defend Patents: Why Litigation Won't Reliably Fix Patent Office Errors and Why Administrative Patent Review Might Help","display_name":"Incentives to Challenge and Defend Patents: Why Litigation Won't Reliably Fix Patent Office Errors and Why Administrative Patent Review Might Help","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1522442230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38n96g","mag":"1522442230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt21b6v659","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Farrell, Joseph; Merges, Robert P.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farrell, Joseph; Merges, Robert P.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2604,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97278324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"943","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.7645999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.7645999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.2289000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-litigation","display_name":"patent litigation","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uspto","display_name":"USPTO","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-art-disclosure","display_name":"prior art disclosure","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-reform","display_name":"patent law reform","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8667752146720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.8631325960159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780342482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148446","display_name":"Patent office","level":2,"score":0.706918478012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115910719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059844","display_name":"Patent troll","level":4,"score":0.7004111409187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5608105659484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984145337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253623","display_name":"Patent law","level":3,"score":0.48548129200935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4792197346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.40134498476982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3388007879257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28475677967071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20543906092643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt21b6v659","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:btlj-1478","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/btlj/vol19/iss3/7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:facpubs-1358","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1522442230","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=604702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:robert_merges-1031","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/robert_merges/32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robert P Merges","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:robert_merges-1119","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/robert_merges/149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196581","display_name":"Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Robert P Merges","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:qt21b6v659","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Farrell, Joseph; &amp; Merges, Robert P. (2004). Incentives to Challenge and Defend Patents: Why Litigation Won't Reliably Fix Patent Office Errors and Why Administrative Patent Review Might Help. Boalt Working Papers in Public Law. UC Berkeley: Berkeley Law. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.15779/z38n96g","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38n96g","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15779/z38n96g","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050879","display_name":"UC Berkeley","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","host_organization_name":"University of California, Berkeley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:3122618307","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt21b6v659/qt21b6v659.pdf?t=krnon7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203105838","display_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","issn_l":"0885-2715","issn":["0885-2715","1086-3818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316106","host_organization_name":"UC Berkeley School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316106","https://openalex.org/P4310316198"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UC Berkeley School of Law","University of California, Berkeley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Berkeley technology law journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt21b6v659","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21b6v659","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1522442230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1522442230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785366336","https://openalex.org/W2766860365","https://openalex.org/W1498702329","https://openalex.org/W1835696676","https://openalex.org/W3193902645","https://openalex.org/W7221256276","https://openalex.org/W6944200186","https://openalex.org/W796877036","https://openalex.org/W6943830397","https://openalex.org/W3123693261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,21,25,76],"limits":[2],"on":[3],"Patent":[4],"Office":[5],"scrutiny":[6],"of":[7,56,78],"patent":[8],"applications,":[9],"one":[10],"might":[11],"hope":[12],"that":[13,101],"ex":[14],"post":[15],"litigation":[16,43],"can":[17],"fix":[18,45],"at":[19],"least":[20],"important":[22],"errors.":[23],"Unfortunately,":[24],"often":[26],"grossly":[27],"skewed":[28],"incentives":[29,60],"to":[30,33,63,68],"challenge":[31],"and":[32,53,70,75,81,97],"defend":[34],"issued":[35],"patents":[36],"make":[37],"this":[38],"view":[39],"too":[40],"optimistic.":[41],"Since":[42],"cannot":[44],"all":[46],"errors,":[47],"we":[48],"urge":[49],"better":[50,59],"USPTO":[51],"funding":[52],"higher":[54],"standards":[55],"initial":[57],"review,":[58],"(not":[61],"limited":[62],"formal":[64],"duties)":[65],"for":[66],"applicants":[67],"find":[69],"disclose":[71],"prior":[72],"art":[73],"information,":[74],"creation":[77],"a":[79,94,102],"cheap":[80],"workable":[82,95],"administrative":[83,90],"post-issue":[84],"review.":[85],"We":[86],"explain":[87],"why":[88],"existing":[89],"reviews":[91],"are":[92],"not":[93],"system,":[96],"recommend":[98],"some":[99],"features":[100],"new":[103],"system":[104],"should":[105],"have.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
