{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1522436063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","title":"The Role of Regulatory T Cells and Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","display_name":"The Role of Regulatory T Cells and Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1522436063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","mag":"1522436063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinflammation","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251658862","display_name":"Neuroinflammation"},"type":"other","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048445973","display_name":"David R. Beers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-3500","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8757-3500"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295876152","display_name":"Houston Methodist","ror":"https://ror.org/027zt9171","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286254","display_name":"Houston Methodist Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrxx35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Beers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694249","display_name":"Weihua Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-7132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-7132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295876152","display_name":"Houston Methodist","ror":"https://ror.org/027zt9171","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286254","display_name":"Houston Methodist Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrxx35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068526792","display_name":"Kristopher G. Hooten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5471-1658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5471-1658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristopher G. Hooten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015630437","display_name":"Stanley H. Appel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-6298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-6298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295876152","display_name":"Houston Methodist","ror":"https://ror.org/027zt9171","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286254","display_name":"Houston Methodist Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrxx35","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley H. Appel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152","https://openalex.org/I4405286254"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10855","display_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research","score":0.7871000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10855","display_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research","score":0.7871000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.2085999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis","display_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-t-cells","display_name":"regulatory T cells","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglia","display_name":"microglia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-neuron-degeneration","display_name":"motor neuron degeneration","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/m1-m2-microglial-polarization","display_name":"M1/M2 microglial polarization","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-immune-system","display_name":"peripheral immune system","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.8834525942802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779830541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622829","display_name":"Microglia","level":3,"score":0.7877376675605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.7565637826919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.6899089813232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6891497373580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.602080762386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164027704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491837","display_name":"Proinflammatory cytokine","level":3,"score":0.5197912454605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5176258683204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.4843777120113373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4387490153312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.4294707477092743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4224911332130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3763386011123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3431108593940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.267689049243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12016931176185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118732748.ch15","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuroinflammation","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552106782","https://openalex.org/W1592831338","https://openalex.org/W1870490536","https://openalex.org/W1970433280","https://openalex.org/W1971969082","https://openalex.org/W1976266513","https://openalex.org/W2003618511","https://openalex.org/W2012662246","https://openalex.org/W2013010265","https://openalex.org/W2015964703","https://openalex.org/W2019031549","https://openalex.org/W2026597231","https://openalex.org/W2033158384","https://openalex.org/W2033344638","https://openalex.org/W2040891140","https://openalex.org/W2043044540","https://openalex.org/W2048606094","https://openalex.org/W2054637685","https://openalex.org/W2055456084","https://openalex.org/W2058742494","https://openalex.org/W2059521403","https://openalex.org/W2066094037","https://openalex.org/W2069781018","https://openalex.org/W2074753416","https://openalex.org/W2075691498","https://openalex.org/W2080757088","https://openalex.org/W2085347930","https://openalex.org/W2093933725","https://openalex.org/W2095685454","https://openalex.org/W2096386031","https://openalex.org/W2107768418","https://openalex.org/W2109021011","https://openalex.org/W2123848058","https://openalex.org/W2127769185","https://openalex.org/W2128211931","https://openalex.org/W2134093322","https://openalex.org/W2150523249","https://openalex.org/W2154945114","https://openalex.org/W2155779547","https://openalex.org/W2158949580","https://openalex.org/W2163126975","https://openalex.org/W2165863447","https://openalex.org/W2166801561","https://openalex.org/W2167912995","https://openalex.org/W2402534677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534498989","https://openalex.org/W2042311402","https://openalex.org/W2883839028","https://openalex.org/W1996973828","https://openalex.org/W2323200272","https://openalex.org/W2999201954","https://openalex.org/W2373055082","https://openalex.org/W2079662823","https://openalex.org/W2064875246","https://openalex.org/W4398209208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuroinflammation":[0],"is":[1,35,87,165],"now":[2,84],"established":[3],"as":[4],"an":[5,198,202],"important":[6,99],"factor":[7],"in":[8,40,55,102,119,174,220,251],"the":[9,89,110,121,150,168,181,208,215,221,236,246],"pathogenesis":[10],"of":[11,32,70,108,152,210,218,223,248,258],"many":[12],"neurodegenerative":[13],"diseases,":[14],"including":[15,78],"amyotrophic":[16],"lateral":[17],"sclerosis":[18],"(ALS),":[19],"a":[20,25,36,79],"devastating":[21],"disorder":[22],"that":[23,88,161],"causes":[24],"selective,":[26],"rapidly":[27],"progressing,":[28],"and":[29,58,67,73,94,98,133,183,228,235,255],"irreversible":[30],"loss":[31],"motoneurons.":[33],"ALS":[34,64,254],"noncell":[37],"autonomous":[38],"disorder,":[39],"which":[41,145],"neurons":[42],"do":[43],"not":[44],"die":[45],"alone,":[46],"but":[47],"numerous":[48],"other":[49],"cell":[50],"types":[51],"play":[52],"critical":[53],"roles":[54,101],"disease":[56,103],"initiation":[57],"progression.":[59],"The":[60,83],"pathogenic":[61],"processes":[62],"underlying":[63],"are":[65,136,176],"multifactorial,":[66],"different":[68],"mechanisms":[69,217],"motoneuron":[71,126,154,224],"injury":[72],"death":[74],"have":[75],"been":[76],"proposed,":[77],"dysregulated":[80],"neuroinflammatory":[81,100,163],"response.":[82],"well-accepted":[85],"concept":[86],"immune":[90,111,122,170],"system,":[91],"both":[92],"innate":[93],"adaptive,":[95],"plays":[96],"early":[97,106],"pathophysiology.":[104],"At":[105,128],"phases":[107],"disease,":[109,120],"system":[112,123],"contributes":[113,124],"to":[114,125,178,195],"neuroprotective":[115,141],"functions,":[116],"whereas":[117],"later":[118],"injury.":[127],"various":[129],"time":[130],"points,":[131],"microglia":[132,227],"T":[134,172,229,233],"cells":[135],"markedly":[137],"activated,":[138],"producing":[139],"either":[140,197],"or":[142,148,201,238],"proinflammatory":[143],"molecules,":[144],"can":[146],"decrease":[147],"increase":[149],"rate":[151],"primary":[153],"degeneration,":[155],"respectively.":[156],"Recent":[157],"research":[158],"has":[159],"shown":[160],"this":[162],"component":[164],"affected":[166],"by":[167,242],"peripheral":[169],"system;":[171],"lymphocytes":[173],"particular":[175],"able":[177],"cross":[179],"into":[180],"brain":[182],"spinal":[184],"cord":[185],"parenchyma,":[186],"where":[187],"they":[188],"interact":[189],"with":[190,226,253],"resident":[191],"microglia,":[192],"inducing":[193],"them":[194],"adopt":[196],"M1":[199],"(cytotoxic)":[200],"M2":[203],"(protective)":[204],"phenotype,":[205],"depending":[206],"on":[207,245],"stage":[209],"disease.":[211],"This":[212],"chapter":[213],"reviews":[214],"proposed":[216],"neuroinflammation":[219],"context":[222],"interactions":[225],"cells,":[230,234,244],"specifically":[231],"regulatory":[232],"protective":[237],"injurious":[239],"responses":[240],"provided":[241],"these":[243],"basis":[247],"what":[249],"occurs":[250],"patients":[252],"animal":[256],"models":[257],"ALS.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}